893 
Erector (Bunsen). 
Fire-face (cap. 145 — 2nd hall). 
* Fire in his Eye (Sar. Oimen. — 8th doorkeeper). 
Flame-face (cap. 145 — 5th hall). 
Giant (Bunsen). 
Great Clasper. 
* Horn of the Earth (Sar. Oimen. — 3rd doorkeeper of Amenti). 
* Spark-face (Sar. Oimen. — 7th doorkeeper of Amenti). 
* Sparkling Face (Sar. Oimen. — 7th doorkeeper of Amenti). 
Spitter of Fire. 
Stopper of the Rejected (cap. 145 — 7th hall). 
Stone Head (cap. 145 — 6th hall). 
The Great Destroyer. 
* The Living (Sar. Oimen.). 
The wicked, Sba (Bunsen). 
For the names of the Snakes distinguished by an asterisk the author is 
indebted to the courtesy of the distinguished hieroglyphist Dr. S. Birch. 
The Chairman. — I am sure that we all desire to return a cordial vote of 
thanks to Mr. Cooper for his able and interesting paper. (Cheers.) 
Rev. J. James. — I should like to ask Mr. Cooper one question : In 
what character is this Ritual of the Dead written — in hieroglyphic, hieratic 
or demotic ? 
Mr. Cooper. — It is generally found in the hieroglyphic and hieratic 
characters. In the oldest papyri the writing is almost purely ideographic. 
The demotic script is very similar to the hieratic, but far less intelligible ; 
having more resemblance to an exceedingly bad school-boy’s hand of the 
present time. 
Mr. James. — Do you mean that there are three characters of the same 
things — sometimes the hieroglyphic, sometimes the hieratic, and sometimes 
the demotic ? 
Mr. Cooper. — Yes ; three styles of writing the same language prevailed 
throughout Egypt for four thousand years. The language was written in 
hieroglyphic and hieratic, or demotic, side by side, just as you might print the 
Prayer-book in black-letter and in italic or any other character. 
Mr. James. — Are there not several manuscripts of this liturgy ? 
Mr. Cooper. — M. Le Page Renouf has enumerated and collated 272. 
Among them are, the copy of Leyden, which contains, I think, a hundred 
perfect chapters, and the copy of Turin, which contains a hundred and fifty 
chapters. But there are so many copies in existence that what is wanting 
in one is supplied in another, and in that way we get altogether the one 
hundred and sixty-six chapters of which the book is composed. 
Rev. J. H. Titcomb. — I should like to draw attention to what I 
may call a little bit of comparative mythology. We have been much in- 
