342 
being synonymous, and the red hand exemplified in religious 
fratricide, and often also in pictorial illustration.* * * § But there is 
yet another distinctive feature in the subject. In early times 
the great divisions of man were into pastoral and nomad, as 
distinguished from urban and manufacturing races, and the 
former were an abomination t to the latter. The artificers in 
brass and iron, and the makers and users of musical instruments, 
are of very early mention \ and though, of the same race there 
are some described as those who dwelled in tents and had 
cattle, yet there is a special mention of one still earlier, who 
had flocks. J There appears reason for supposing that when 
this became the distinctive feature of exclusive occupation , it 
was identified as such with the patriarchs, and was looked on 
with contempt by the rest of mankind, and described as an 
abomination. Now all the nations to which I have alluded as 
being sun and serpent worshippers, were also the most noted 
artificers, metallurgists, and miners, the latter either directly 
or by instigation as purchasers of ores : Egyptians, Phoenicians, 
Indians, Peruvians, Mexicans. The gold of Peru was so great 
in quantity that ordinary utensils were made of it ; and arti- 
ficial gardens, the soil of which was granulated gold, and the 
plants and flowers of which were made of gold, were used as 
pleasure-grounds § by the Peruvian sovereigns. The Tyrians, 
Peruvians, and other nations I have referred to, excelled also 
in the arts of dyeing colours. The Mexicans and mound-builders 
w r ere miners on so vast a scale, that their richest mines near 
Lake Superior are, with all the wants and resources of the 
moderns, only very partially w T orked now, although abound- 
ing in wealth. The Tyrians traded, as Caesar and others 
tell us, with the Cassiterides for tin, that is, some of the islands 
now known as British ; while the Indian mines of gold and 
precious stones, to say nothing of the evidences of immense 
iron workings, are of note. 
28. In conjunction with this is a remarkable statement in the 
* Indeed, the Phoenicians, according to some authorities, actually had 
their name from this cause, <poivog , blood-red, connected with tyovog , murder ; 
hence, (poiviKsg is read by some as equivalent to murderers. Strabo refers to 
this derivation, though he gives another, but Elsley gives a strong argu- 
ment in its favour, showing that it would be vainly sought in the Syriac, as 
it is from <poiv'i%ai , ancient Greek for aifiaZai, to slay or murder, and that 
these people were, in common with the Carians, anciently called .by the 
Greeks <poiviKeg, from their destroying the inhabitants of the coasts in their 
depredations. 
f Gen. xlvi. 34. + Gen. iv. 4. 
§ Baldwin’s Ancient America, p. 250. 
