58 
gates it to 2,017 years. Such speculations can only be compared 
to the case of a foreigner, like M. Guizot, who has so ably 
written the history of the Commonwealth, if he were to speculate 
on its duration as having been either five or ten, or twenty cen- 
turies ! For had the Shepherds reigned in Egypt as long as 
De Rouge supposes, they would have ceased to have been 
regarded as foreign conquerors, just as our Plantagenet kings 
were within two centuries after the Norman conquest. The 
impossibility of De Rouge’s theory may be estimated by suppos- 
ing the descendants of Julius Caesar to have been ruling in 
England since the first Roman invasion, and the present genera- 
tion of Englishmen, headed by a descendant of the ancient 
British kings, rising in rebellion against them, and expelling them 
from the country in consequence of their being foreigners ! 
37. The testimony of Eratosthenes, the celebrated librarian 
of Alexandria under Ptolemy Euergetes, is in direct con- 
flict with the chronology of his contemporary Manetho, as 
may be thus shown. Eratosthenes gives 98G years from 
the time of Menes, the proto-monarch of Egypt, to that 
of Pharaoh Nilus, whom Herodotus (IT. 3) calls the son 
and successor of Rameses the Great. Dicsearchus, a Greek 
historian of the fourth century B.C., says, “ From the 
time of Pharaoh Nilus to the 1st Olympiad there were 436 
years.” * Supposing Dicsearchus refers to the time when the 
Olympic games were first instituted by Iphitus, B.C. 884, this 
chronology would give 1320 as the date of the reign of Pharaoh 
of the following fragment of Manetho’s history respecting the Sixteenth 
Dynasty, “ Of thirty-two Hellenic Shepherd Kings who reigned 518 
years.” There are grounds, from the little which Herodotus says respect- 
ing the building of the Great Pyramid of Ghizeli, that “ Philition a 
shepherd , who at that time fed his flocks about the place,” had something 
to do with the building of it. (See Herod., lib. ii. ch. 124 — 128.) Now 
there are reasons for supposing that there were several invasions of Egypt 
by the Shepherds ; and all that we can gather from the fragments of 
Manetho’s history which have come down to us is just this; viz., that 
they are met with for the first time in Egyptian history at the 
epoch of the building of the Great Pyramid, which for reasons 
given in this paper may be dated B.C. 2170 ; and, for the last time, 
during the reign of Thothmes III., who succeeded finally in expelling 
them from Egypt during his reign, which began, according to Manetho, 
about the year B.C. 1G42, or 518 years after the time when the Great 
Pyramid was built. I think, therefore, it is possible that Manetho, 
writing fourteen centuries after these events of history, may have meant 
by his 518 years for the duration of the “ Hellenic Shepherd* Kings,” that 
they are to be found in Egyptian history both at the commencement and 
the termination of that period. 
Dicrearchi Mess, de Sesos. liege Frag., as given by Bunsen in his 
Egypt's Place in Universal History, i. 712 ; v. If). 
