448 
elephant’s tusks. 
arranged differently. New teeth come up constantly wher# 
a man’s wisdom teeth grow, and being pushed forward in 
the jaw by those coming afterwards, replace those in front 
which are worn out, thus keeping the molars sound by re- 
newal, until the animal reaches a great age. The tusks of 
elephants from dry, rocky countries are more dense and 
heavier than those of animals living in wet and marshy 
places, but these last attain the greater size. The Shira 
marshes support prodigious numbers of many kinds of 
water fowl. 
The Borassus, though not an oil-bearing palm, is a use- 
ful tree. The fibrous pulp about the large nuts is sweet 
and fruity, and is eaten by men and elephants. The nuts 
are buried until they sprout, and are then dug up and 
eaten, resembling coarse potatoes. Wine is also made 
from the juice ; when fresh, it is like champagne, and not 
intoxicating ; though it becomes very much so by standing. 
On the 25th of August, the expedition reached Dakanamoio 
Island, opposite the perpendicular cliff upon which Chi- 
bisa’s village stands. Here a fine male hornbill ( Buceros 
crixtalux ) of the largest species, fell to the ground from 
fear at the report of a gun. It was captured, and kept. 
Its mate would not desert it, but flew about the boat, 
inviting him to join her. This she repeated in the evening. 
The poor captive refused to eat, and in five days died of 
grief, since no internal injury could be detected in 
examining him after death. 
On the 28th of August, 1859, the expedition left the 
vessel, and set out to discover Lake Nyassa. The party 
consisted of forty-two persons, four whites, thirty-six 
Makololo, and two guides. The course crossed Che valley 
in a north-easterly direction, and an hour’s march brought 
them to the foot of the Manganja Hills, up whicli their 
toilsome course lay. The first halt, after a weary march, 
was at Makolongwe, the village of Chitimba, which, like 
all Manganja villages, is surrounded with an impenetrable 
hedge of poisonous euphorbia. Here an active trade with 
