RELATIONSHIPS OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAINOZOIC SYSTEM. 
Isle of Wight, the Sept-aria Clay of Hermsdorf and Latdorf, in North 
Germany, and the Tongrian of Belgium, In Patagonia the Magel- 
lanian beds probably belong to this series, as well as the Waimangaroa 
series of New Zealand. 
3. The stage above the Balcombian is the Janjukian (of Hall and 
Pritchard), including the Lower Aldjngan (of Tate), in South Aus- 
tralia. During this period enormous subsidence of the coastal plains 
and adjoining sea-beds took place, which resulted in the accumulation 
of a great vertical thickness of deposits ; consisting of polyzoal 
limestones, foraminiferal limestones (with Lepidocyclina and Amphi- 
stegina), foraminiferal soapstone, echinoid limestones, shell marls, 
and deeper water blue muds with gasteropods. 
4. The Janjukian marine beds are, in all probability, synchronous 
with the terrestrial ironstone, sandy, or pipe-clay leaf-beds of 
Maddingley, Pitfield, Narracan, Berwick. Cobungra, Dargo, and 
Bogong. 
5. The older basalt, in exposures where fossiliferous evidence is 
available, is either contemporaneous with the Janjukian, that is, 
interbedded ; or underlying, and probably post-Balcombian ; or 
overlying the Janjukian, and pre-Kalimnan. 
6. The homotaxial equivalent of the Janjukian in Europe is the 
Miocene (approximately Aquitanian to Tortonian), and its greatest 
development approximates to the Burdigalian. In the Miocene of 
the Vienna Basin a somewhat similar fauna and flora existed, as 
seen in the accumulated banks of foraminiferal tests of Amphistegina, 
of a variety with sharp keel, found at Batesford, and by the prevalence 
of the calcareous alga Lithothamnion ramosissimum. 
7. The Janjukian of southern Australia is the homotaxial 
equivalent of the Patagonian beds of Santa Cruz in Patagonia ; and 
approximately of the Oamaru series ol New Zealand. 
8. The Miocene age of the Janjukian receives strong support 
from the rule of maximum development in certain types of fossil 
forms of that geological epoch. As for example, in the occurrence 
of gigantic Clypeasters in the Bairnsdale beds, and the enormous 
tests of Linthia in the Murray River and Batesford beds. 
9. The occurrence of the complex-structured foraminifera, as 
Lepidocyclina, of species which are elsewhere Aquitanian and Burdi- 
galian, as in southern Europe, India, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and 
New Hebrides, further support a Miocene age for the Janjukian ; 
as well as the extremely prolific growth of myriads of Amphistegina 
which, although found more sparingly in the lower, Balcombian 
stage, constitute whole beds of limestone, often of great thickness 
in the Janjukian series. The absence of Nummulites from the Aus- 
tralian Cainozoics is significant of their being younger than Eocene. 
10. Although the precise use of the percentage method for testing 
the relative ages of the beds is here questioned, its value in a general 
sense is not overlooked. Later researches into our molluscan fauna 
D 2 [ 51 ] 
