RELATIONSHIPS OP THE AUSTRALIAN CAINOZOIC SYSTEM. 
It is worthy of note that, in connexion with the subject of the 
value of the percentage method in its general sense, later research 
has already proved the survival of many other fossils of the Cainozoics 
in the seas of the present day. For instance, Lissarca rubficata, 
now living in Western Port Bay and elsewhere, occurs in the 
Janjukian of the Mallee bores ; and the Balcombian to Kalimnan 
Trivia avellanoides is found living off the New South Wales Coast. 
Some Cosmopolitan and Widely-distributed Fossil Types 
and their Significance. 
Cetaceans. — In the Nodule or Phosphate Bed which is found 
at the base of the Kalimnan Series in Victoria, remains of cetacea 
are very abundant. They include ribs, vertebrae, an occasional 
scapula, digitals, tympanic bones, &c., evidently belonging to 
several distinct forms, and representing the Toothed Whales, 
including the Beaked Whales and the Dolphins. Similar remains 
are found scattered through the Janjukian Beds of Waurn Ponds 
and other localities where the strata are of considerable thickness, 
and marly or purely calcareous ; and this, with other data of fossil 
occurrences, show convincingly that the nodular phosphatic bed of 
the Grange Burn and that at the base of the cliffs at Beaumaris, 
which there underlie the Kalimnan, represent a remanie bed of the 
Janjukian series. 
One of the toothed whales ( Odontoceti ) occurring in Victoria is 
now referred to Parasqualodon, and another from South Australia is 
the type of the genus Metasqualodon* These are closely related 
to Squalodon, a typically Miocene form extending into the Pliocene. 
The teeth of the squalodonts form a more numerous and closer 
seriesf than those in the Eocene Zeuglodon ; the former being smaller 
animals, with a shorter rostrum. The southern hemisphere 
squalodonts have the roots of the molar teeth united, whilst in the 
northern forms they are separate and incurved. McCoy described 
a molar tooth of “ Squalodon ” (= Parasqualodon) wilkinsoni from 
the " Miocene Tertiary sands of Castle Cove, Cape Otway Coast, 
in beds of Janjukian age ; and he subsequently figured another 
example, a canine tooth from Waurn Pounds, near Geelong. Several 
specimens both of the molar and canine teeth have since been 
found in the Waurn Ponds quarries in strata of similar age. In de- 
scribing the Parasqualodon teeth, McCoy compared them with Squalo- 
don grateloupi, H. von Meyer, from the Miocene of Bordeaux, from 
which they differ in the conjunction of the roots. Mr. E. B. Sanger, 
in 1881 , described and figured a molar tooth of a cetacean under 
the name of Zeuglodon harwoodi,§ which has been made the 
* T. S. Hall. “ Oil the Systematic Position of the Species of Squalodon and Zeuglodon, 
described from Australia and New Zealand.” Proc. R. Soe. Viet., vol. xxiii., N.S., pt. 2, 1911, 
pp. 257-265, pi. xxx vi- . „ , , 
+ Both Zeuglodon and Prosqualodon have five molars, whilst there are seven m Squalodon 
t Prod. Pal. Viet., Dee. 2, 1875, p. 7, pi. xi., fig. 1 ; Dec. 6, 1879, p. 20, pi. Iv., fig. .8. 
s Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, vol. v., 1881, p. 298, woodcuts A.B. 
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