and Observations on Wootz. 
343 
with bar steel , made by cementation. If the bar be thick the 
interior part will be mere iron. 
Lastly. There are different sorts of steel and wrought iron, 
from the difference of mechanical arrangement of their parts. 
So the specific gravity of steel by cementation may be in- 
creased by fusion, or hammering, and its grain altered. I have 
been told, that it may be hammered in the cold till it is so 
brittle that a slight stroke will break a thick bar. By quench- 
ing close-grained hammered steel in cold water, when ignited 
to whiteness, its specific gravity is diminished, its grain is 
opened, and it is rendered much harder. 
These distinctions will perhaps serve to explain the nature 
of many varieties of the different states of iron, differently 
named by artizans, namely, pig-iron ; charcoal, and coal pig> 
or sow iron ; blue, gray , white cast iron ; — soft iron ; tough iron ; 
brittle iron ; hard iron ; — ore steel ; cement steel ; blister steel ; 
soft steel ; hard steel ; hammered steel ; cast steel ; burnt steel ; 
over cemented steel. 
I shall next endeavour to show to which of the above states 
of iron the wootz is to be referred, or to which of them it most 
approximates. 
It appears that wootz is not at all malleable when cold ; 
and when ignited it is difficultly forged and only in cer- 
tain degrees of fire. It can be tempered and distempered, 
but not to a considerable extent of degrees (§ S-f,g )• The 
range of degrees of fire at which it is forged is of less ex- 
tent (§3. and § 3. c) than the degrees at which it can be 
tempered, (§ 3. and § 3-/,^)- It vies with the finest steel in 
its polish. Its specific gravity, which is less than that of ham- 
Yy 2 
