ORTMANN : TERTIARY INVERTEBRATES. 319 
tively shallow sea, where there is now deep water, and when we make 
this assumption, there is no difficulty in constructing a continental connection 
of the same parts, as soon as other lines of evidence force us to do so. 
This communication of the Patagonian seas with Antarctica through 
shallow water persisted through a large part of the Tertiary, probably 
almost up to the recent time. V. Ihering has already assumed a repeated 
and continuous immigration of marine Antarctic forms into the South 
American litoral (v. Ihering, especially 1897 b, pp. 532 and 533), and there 
is no reason to reject this theory. That during Tertiary times a direct 
communication was present with the nearest parts of Antarctica, is quite 
probable after the discovery of marine fossils on Seymour Island, Dirck 
Gherritz Archipelago (Graham Land). The fossils found there, especially 
the presence of a species of Cucullcea , strongly suggest Patagonian beds 1 ). 
2. RELATIONS OF THE PATAGONIAN DEPOSITS TO 
OTHER PARTS OF SOUTH AMERICA, AND TO 
THE REST OF THE WORLD; THEORY OF 
“ ARCHIPLATA” AND “ ARCHHELENIS.” 
We have seen above that the most characteristic feature of the Pata- 
gonian fauna is the dissimilarity to other faunas of about the same age, 
the resemblance to the Antarctic faunas of Australia and New Zealand 
1 It may be well to state here the facts about these Tertiary fossils, since they have been re- 
peatedly mentioned lately, but without proper quotations, so that it is difficult to keep track of 
the literature. 
These fossils were collected in the season 1892—3 on Seymour Island, Dirck Gherritz Archi- 
pelago (northeast of Graham Land) in 64° 24' S. Lat., by Captain Larsen of the “Jason,” and 
given to Dr. C. W. Donald of the “ Active/’ who brought them back to Scotland. Dr. J. Mur- 
ray was the first to notice them in the Geographical Journal, vol. 3, January, 1894, p. 11, foot- 
note, and he says that — according to Messrs. G. Sharman and E. T. Newton, of the Geological 
Survey, — they belong to the genera Cucnllcea, Cytherea , and Natica (besides pieces of Coniferous 
wood). He points to the probable Tertiary character of them, and compares them with lower 
Tertiary fossils of England and Patagonia, which would especially refer to the Ciiciillcea. 
Dr. Murray again refers to these fossils in the Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 10, April, 
1894, p. 195, and they are also mentioned in Peterson’s report on Captain Larsen’s discoveries 
(Peterson, Die Reisen des “Jason” und der “ Hertha,” in: Mitteilungen der Geographischen 
Gesellschaft in Hamburg. 1891-92. 1895, p. 273). Again they have been mentioned by 
Hedley(i895, p. 7), by Heilprin (Science, Febr. 28, 1896, p. 306), by Olilin (Ymer, 1898, h. 4, 
p. 301), and by Fricker (1900, p. 182), but with insufficient and partly incorrect quotations. 
