104 
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE. 
MM. Vandenbergh for the year 1856. The MM. Van- 
denbergh are the largest shippers of cattle to England ; 
and although a few animals are sent over by other com- 
panies, they are in about the same proportion. The return 
shows that 2020 calves were forwarded here in the year, but 
only ten oxen. 
(To be continued .) 
STARVATION POINT. 
If we cannot with any precision say how long starvation 
will be in effecting its fatal end, we can say how much waste 
is fatal. From the celebrated experiments of Chossat on 
inanition it appears that death arrives whenever the waste 
reaches an average proportion of 0 4. That is to say, sup- 
posing an animal to weigh 100 lbs., it will succumb when its 
weight is reduced to 60 lbs. Death may of course ensue 
before that point is reached, but not be prolonged after it. 
The average loss which can be sustained is 40 per cent. ; 
sometimes the loss is greater, especially if the animal be very 
fat ; thus, in the transactions of the Linnean Society a case 
is reported of a fat pig w r hich was buried under thirty feet of 
chalk for 160 days ; his weight fell in that period no less than 
75 per cent. Curiously enough, as an illustration of what 
was just said respecting time not being an index, fishes and 
reptiles were found by Chossat to perish at precisely the same 
limit of weight as warm-blooded animals, but they required 
a period three and twenty times as long to do it in ; thus, if 
the experiment be performed of starving a bird and a frog 
during the warm weather, although both will perish when 
their loss of weight reaches 40 per cent., the one will not 
survive a week, the other will survive three and twenty 
weeks. — Blaokwood . 
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE. 1854 to 1856. 
By T. Horsfall. 
(Continued from p. 32.) 
Finding my butter rather soft in hot weather, I uncovered 
a draw-well, which I had not used since I introduced water- 
works for the supply of the village and my own premises. 
On lowering a thermometer dowm the well to a depth of 28 
feet, I fonnd it indicated a temperature of 43° — that on the 
surface being 70°. I first let down the butter, which was 
somewhat improved, but aftenvards the cream ; for this pur- 
pose I procured a moveable windlass, with a rope of the 
