162 
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
Oku, K. 
1904. The action of calcium sulphate on living oysters. Journal of the Fisheries Bureau, Vol. 
XIII, No. 1, pp. 20-35. Tokyo. 
Oku, K., K. Ito, and M. Fujita. 
1901. The action of calcium sulphate on living oysters. Journal of Fisheries Bureau, Vol. X, 
No. 2, 1901, pp. 13-29. Tokyo. 
Phelps, Earle Bernard. 
1909. The pollution of streams by sulphite pulp waste. A study of possible remedies. Water 
Supply Paper No. 226, United States Geological Survey, 1929, 36 pp., 1 plate. 
Washington. 
Suter, Russell, and Emmeline Moore. 
1922. Stream pollution studies. State of New York, Conservation Commission, 1922, pp. 1-27. 
Albany. 
SuTERMEISTER, EDWIN. 
1929. Chemistry of pulp and paper making. 2nd edition, rewritten, 1929, X+565 pp. John 
Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 
Verrill, A. E. 
1885. How long will oysters live out of water. Bulletin, United States Fish Commission, vol. 5, 
No. 11, April 25, 1885, pp. 161-162. Washington. 
Whipple, George C. 
1922. Pollution of streams by pulp mill wastes. Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engi- 
neers, vol. 48, August 1922, pp. 1385-1392. 
Wisconsin State Board of Health. 
1927. Stream pollution in Wisconsin. Special report. A joint report of the Conservation Com- 
mission and State Board of Health of Wisconsin concerning activities in the control of 
stream pollution, from July 1, 1925, to December 31, 1926 (1927) 328 pp., 80 figs. 
Madison, Wis. 
II. THE EFFECT OF SULPHITE WASTE LIQUOR ON THE RATE OF FEED- 
ING OF OSTREA LURIDA AND OSTREA GIGAS 
BY PAUL S. GALTSOFF 
The mode of feeding of oysters and other lamellibranch mollusks consists in 
producing a strong current of water which passes through the gills and in catching, 
conveying toward the mouth, and ingesting the suspended particles which were 
brought in with the stream of water. The maintenance of a steady current is depend- 
ent on the ciliary motion of the lateral cilia which, by beating inward, that is, at a 
right angle to the surface of the gill, produce the necessary pressure inside the gill 
cavity. It has been shown in previous investigations of the author that two factors, 
the rhythm of the ciliary beats and the coordination of the ciliary activity throughout 
the whole layer of ciliated epithelium, control the rate of flow of water through the 
gills. Both of these factors can be affected by physical and chemical changes in the 
surrounding medium. Some of them (as for instance, mechanical stimulation) may 
have no direct influence on the rate of beating of the cilia, yet they may produce a 
pronounced effect on the coordination of ciliary motion and result in a loss of head 
pressure in the gills and a subsequent sharp decrease in the rate of flow. Changes 
in chemical composition of the sea water may affect both factors simultaneously and 
cause disturbances in the operation of the ciliated mech anism. One would expect, 
therefore, that the discharge into the sea of large quantities of any waste product, 
even nontoxic, would upset the chemical equilibrium in the solution of salts in the 
sea water and would interfere with the normal activity of the organisms growing in 
it. A study of the effect of pulp mill wastes on the activity of the ciliated epithelium 
of the oyster presented, therefore, a problem which was both interesting from a 
scientific point of view and important because of its practical application. 
