PERCHING BIRDS 
466a. Alder Flycatcher. 
Empidonax trailli alnorum. 
Range. — United States, east of the Mississippi 
and north to New Brunswick. 
The only difference between this and the pre- 
ceding variety is in the more greenish upper 
parts. They are quite abundant in the breed- 
ing season from New England and northern 
New York northward, frequenting, to a great 
extent, alder thickets bordering streams. Their 
nests and eggs do not differ appreciably from 
those of the western variety of Traill Fly- 
catcher. 
467- Least Flycatcher. 
Empidonax minimus. 
Least Flycatcher 
Range.- — North America, east of the Rockies 
and north to the interior of Canada, wintering 
south of the United States. 
These little birds (5.5 inches 
long) are common about houses 
and orchards on the outskirts of cities, and on the edges of for- 
ests or open woods. They are very frequently known by the 
name of Cliebec from their continually uttered note. In nearly 
White all instances, the nests are placed in upright forks at elevations 
varying from four to twenty-four feet from the ground. The 
nests are made chiefly of plant fibres, fine grasses, string, cobwebs, etc., and 
the three to five eggs are pale creamy white; size .65 x .50. 
White 
468. Hammond’s Flycatcher. Empidonax hammondi. 
Ranoro — a me rica, w est of the Rockies and from British Columbia south- 
lth of the United States. 
This western representative of the Least 
Flycatcher is less abundant and more shy, 
but has the same nesting habits as the east- 
ern birds, placing its nests either in upright 
crotches or, more rarely, upon horizontal 
branches at a low elevation. The eggs can- 
not be distinguished from those of the last 
species. 
469- Wright’s Flycatcher. Empidonax wrighti. 
Range. — Western United States, breeding from the Mex- 
ican border to Oregon and wintering south of the United 
States. 
A very similar bird to the last but whiter 
below. It is a much more abundant species 
than the last and is found breeding in open 
woods and thickets on all the ranges. The 
nests are built like those of the Least Fly- 
catcher and nearly always are found in 
the crotch of trees or bushes at a low ele- 
ation; their nests, like those of the two 
preceding species, bear a strong resemblance to those of 
the Yellow Warblers which are found in the same locali- 
ties and locations. The eggs are pale creamy white, four 
462 — 469—469.1 in number and measure .68 x .52. 
White 
295 
