PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OP THE GULP OF MAINE 
517 
off Cape Sable that summer by the Biological Board of Canada, besides several other 
lines farther east (p. 908). During August, 1923, lines of bottles were set out normal 
to the coast line off Mount Desert, Cape Elizabeth, Cape Ann, and Cape Cod (p. 874) ; 
and a much larger number of bottles was put out in more eastern Nova Scotian 
waters by the Biological Board of Canada, some of which have drifted to the Gulf of 
Maine, as described below (p. 908). No bottles were put out in the Gulf of Maine 
proper in 1924, although lines were run across Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds. Some 
of the many Canadian bottles put out that summer off the outer coast of Nova Scotia 
have been picked up in the Gulf of Maine. Finally, bottles were put out in Massa- 
chusetts and Ipswich Bays in February, April, and May, 1925; in Massachusetts 
Bay again by Henry Stetson in April, 1926, and off Cape Nedick by T. E. Graves 
that July, from their yachts (pp. 878, 879). 
The measurements of currents, which have been taken in the gulf by the Tidal 
Survey of Canada and by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, are mentioned 
in a later chapter (p. 857). 
2. CONTINENTAL SHELF SOUTH OF NANTUCKET AND MARTHAS 
VINEYARD 
The earlier explorations in this area are summarized in a previous report (Bige- 
low, 1915), hence they may be passed over briefly here. 
The general range of surface temperature south of Woods Hole is now well 
known for the summer season, thanks to the early explorations by the vessels of the 
Bureau of Fisheries, notably in 1880 to 1882 (Tanner, 1884 to 1884b) and in 1889 
to 1891 (Libbey, 1891, 1895). Daily records of temperature of air and water also 
have been recorded for many years at Woods Hole, 6 and observations have been 
taken on the various collecting trips carried out summer after summer from that 
station. Dickson (1901) likewise has collected a large number of surface tempera- 
tures from the logs of vessels, and the Grampus has crossed this part of the conti- 
nental shelf on several recent cruises. 
A large number of subsurface temperatures and determinations of salinity by 
hydrometer also have been taken from Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket out to 
the edge of the continent and beyond, beginning with the early dredging trips of 
the vessels of the Fish Commission (1880 to 1881 7 ) and continued by Libbey in 1889, 
1890, and 1891. Libbey continued his study in subsequent years, but the results 
never have been published; nor, except in a few instances, have the bottom tem- 
peratures taken subsequently on the various dredging trips sent out to the waters 
south of Marthas Vineyard from the Woods Hole station of the Bureau of 
Fisheries. 
In 1908 the Grampus took temperatures in 31 to 400 fathoms southward from 
Nantucket Shoals (p.595; Bigelow, 1909). In July, 1913, she occupied several ocean- 
ographic stations in that general region, working southward thence to Chesapeake 
Bay (Bigelow, 1915; stations 10062 to 10084). During that August she took 
surface temperatures from Cape Cod to Cape May (Bigelow, 1915, p. 350); in 1914 
8 These are summarized by Sumner, Osburn, and Cole (1913) and by Fish (1925). 
7 For records of temperature during this period, see Sanderson Smith (1889); for the Albatross stations, see Tanner (1884a, 
1884b) and Townsend (1901). 
8951—28 34 
