212 
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
This species was not found in the Woods Hole region by Wheeler (1901), nor 
did Dr. C. 0. Esterly detect it among the tow nettings of the Grampus made between 
the Gulf of Maine and Chesapeake Bay during the summer of 1913 (Bigelow, 1915, 
p. 287), but Willey (1919, p. 218) reports it from two stations outside the continental 
edge off Cape Sable, July 22, 1915. It has no regular place in the fauna of the Gulf 
of Maine, where it is only a stray. 
Calanus hyperboreus Krpyer 
This is an Arctic species with its chief center of distribution in polar seas, where 
it is probably circumpolar and universal, having been taken at many localities off 
the northern coasts of Europe, Asia (to longitude 136° E.), and America (north 
coast of Alaska, Dolphin, and Union Strait; Willey, 1920). It is described by 
Damas and Koefoed (1907) as the commonest surface copepod in the Greenland 
sea. It drifts southward past Iceland with the east Icelandic current over a well- 
defined tongue (Farran, 1910), spreading thence in small numbers over the southern 
part of the Norwegian sea to the Skager — Rak and the southern Norwegian fjords, 
where Sars (1903) regards it as a “relict” species. A few are also carried south- 
ward in the cold bottom current across the Wyville Thomson ridge into the North 
Atlantic, where it has been recorded southward to latitude 51° N., longitude 11° 43' W., 
off the mouth of the English Channel. 11 On the American side it occurs generally 
and abundantly over Davis Strait (With, 1915) and Baffins Bay (Aurivillius, 1896). 
Curiously enough, Herdman seems not to have had it on his two traverses of the 
Labrador current abreast the Straits of Belle Isle during the summer of 1897, 12 
but the Canadian fisheries expedition of 1915 found it generally distributed over 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence as well as between Nova Scotia and the Newfoundland 
Banks and over the continental shelf along the Nova Scotian coast to abreast of 
Cape Sable. On their summer cruise, however, it was not found at the stations 
outside the continental edge west of Sable Island (Willey, 1919). It has been 
taken at many localities in the Gulf of Maine, shortly to be discussed, but Georges 
Bank and Cape Cod mark the limit to its occurrence as anything more than an 
accidental stray in this direction. South of this our only record for it is one speci- 
men off Delaware Bay on August 12, 1916, in a haul from 70 meters (Bigelow, 1922, 
p. 148). 
Regional and seasonal occurrence in the Gulf of Maine. — Judging from our expe- 
rience in 1915 and 1920, Calanus hyperboreus is, to all intents, universally distributed 
over the gulf during the late winter, early spring, and early summer. Thus it 
appears at about 80 per cent of the stations in Doctor Wilson’s lists for February 
to May, 1920, at localities covering all parts of the gulf from the immediate coastal 
zone, on the one hand, out to the continental edge, on the other, and indifferently 
from the eastern side to the western, irrespective of the depth of water (fig. 68) ; 
and since a species as comparatively rare as C. hyperboreus might easily be missed 
by the vertical hauls, probably it was actually present at every station. Similarly, 
11 For further details see Gran (1902), Paulsen (1906), Damas and Koefoed (1907), and Farran (1910). 
>2 Unless possibly some of the Calani listed by Herdman, Thompson, and Scott (1898) as C. propinquus were actually C. 
hyperboreus. 
