PLANKTON OF THE GULF OF MAINE 
219 
Grampus had it in fair numbers at three stations along the outer edge of the con- 
tinental shelf south of Delaware Bay and off Delaware Bay in July and August, 
1913, in hauls from about 40 meters’ depth (Bigelow 1915, p. 287). Wheeler (1901) 
reported a considerable number of specimens of both sexes (as C. pectinata Brady) 
from the “Gulf Stream,” 70 miles south of Marthas Vineyard, on July 25 and 29, 
1899, and Willey (1919) counted two specimens among 100 copepods off the mouth 
of the Laurentian channel between the Scotian and Newfoundland banks on June 1, 
1915, at a temperature of 10.2 to 13.75° and salinity of upward of 35 per mille. 
It did not appear in any of the collections made by the Canadian fisheries 
expedition on the banks or in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nor did Herdman, Thompson, 
and Scott (1898) report it between the Straits of Belle Isle and Liverpool. 
Candacia arrnata has not been reported from the Gulf of Maine previously, but 
Doctor Wilson lists it at two stations outside the continental edge on March 14 and 
May 17, 1920 (stations 20077 and 20129) ; also in the eastern part of the basin of the 
gulf on March 3 (station 20053) and on German Bank on April 15 (station 20103), 
from vertical hauls (table, p. 299). It likewise appears in one vertical haul in the 
eastern part of the basin for May, 1915 (station 10270), one off Cape Elizabeth for 
September (station 10319), and one off Cape Cod for October of that year (station 
10336; table, p. 297), but not in any of the surface hauls. 
The general geographic range of the species, as summarized above, and its dis- 
tribution in British waters, where it is most plentiful in the English Channel and 
penetrates the northern part of the North Sea from the north around Scotland, 
point to an oceanic origin for the occasional specimens taken in the Gulf of Maine. 
The localities of record bear this out, being grouped in the eastern side and near 
shore in the western (fig. 62), like other visitors from the open basin, with no records 
in the western basin or from Georges Bank. It is a decidedly rare species in the 
gulf, usually amounting to 1 per cent or less of the copepods, only once reaching 4 
per cent, and it is not likely that it is endemic there. 
Centropages foradyi (Wlieeler ) 20 
Dr. C. B. Wilson, in a letter, describes it as “fairly common on the Atlantic 
coast off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.” Wheeler (1901) obtained both sexes in 
the Gulf Stream, 70 miles south of Marthas Vineyard, in July. Willey (1919) lists 
it at three stations outside the continental edge, along the inner edge of the Gulf 
Stream, off Cape Sable, and off Sable Island in July, 1915, and Esterly (1905) records 
it from San Diego, Calif. 
This species has not been recognized previously in the Gulf of Maine, where it 
is to be expected only as a straggler from warmer waters offshore. In 1920 it was 
noted in one vertical haul off Cape Cod for March and one off Gloucester in May 
(table, p. 299); in 1915 occasional specimens were noted in the eastern basin on June 
14 and near Cape Elizabeth on September 20 in vertical hauls. The numbers of 
specimens concerned are in each case minimal, 1 per cent being the maximum fre- 
quency. 
20 This name was given by Wheeler (1901, p. 174) to the species figured by Brady (1883) as C. violaceus Claus, but which, as 
Giesbrecht (1892) pointed out, is quite distinct. It is readily distinguished from the other two species of the genus mentioned here 
by lacking spines at the posterior corners of the thorax. 
