THE TOXICITIES OF COAL TAR CREOSOTE, CREOSOTE DIS- 
TILLATES, AND INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENTS FOR THE 
MARINE WOOD BORER LIMNORIA LIGNORUM. 
4 * 
By L. F. SHACKELL, 
Professor of Physiology, University of Utah. 
& 
Contribution from the United States Fisheries Biological Station, Beaufort, N. C. 
CONTENTS. 
Introduction 221 
Materials tested 222 
Limnoria 222 
Experimental method and criteria of toxicity 222 
Creosote and its fractionates 223 
Sea-water extracts 223 
Emulsions 224 
Light oils 224 
Tar acids and bases 225 
Tar acids 225 
Tar bases 226 
Solid hydrocarbons of creosote 226 
Summary 226 
INTRODUCTION. 
With the exception of his own work on the shipworm, Xylotrya (Bankia) / 
the writer is not aware of any systematic investigations of the effects of coal tar 
creosote or its constituents upon marine wood borers. The present paper embodies 
a further study of the materials used with Xylotrya, together with tests on some 
other important constituents of creosote. 
The writer has not attempted to include here any of the literature on the 
actions of coal tar creosote or its constituents on other living forms. Marine 
borers afford a special problem, and investigations into the effects df the above 
substances on other types of wood-destroying parasites are not likely to furnish a 
basis for generalizations respecting a form that lives in sea water. Nor is it likely 
that results with marine borers will be applicable to the prevention of, say, fungous 
attacks on railroad ties. 
' Shackell, Proceedings American Wood Preservers’ Association, 1915, p. 233. 
58536°— 23 
221 
