FRANKLIN’S GULL CHICKS, 
July 22, 1955 • General comments. 
1. Attack . Much like adults. Pecking. Wings sometimes raised. Wings 
perhaps drooped more oi'ten than in adults. 
2. Escape . Like adults. Simple retreat. 
3. Alert Posture. Like adults. Obviously unritualized. 
4. Panic defense . Silent. Gaping and pecking. Gaping probably unritual- 
ized, but it does show pink inside of mouth. 
5 . Whistle complex. Obviously the lowest intensity hostile call, and/or 
relatively the least aggressive. The second stage of "greeting" . Sometimes 
redirected upon sibling after fight. Usually accompanies food-begging. 
Often follows Juvenile Long Call Notes or Juvenile Pumping Notes as they 
die down. . ' ■ 
Occurs with a variety of postures and movements. Perhaps most charact- 
eristic # in Hunched . Also occurs in Low Oblique , (sometimes very difficult 
to tell from Hunched), Also quite common with well-developed Bowing . 
Often occurs with Head-tossing , from Hunched or Low Oblique. It then usually 
occurs during the upward movement. It is sometimes combined with a Ruffle , 
apparently more frequent now than formerly. Very rare with He ad -down Hunch . 
Transitional notes between Whistles and Juvenile Long Call Notes or 
Juvenile Pumping Notes are by no means uncommon. 
6. Juvenile Long Call Note complex . Obviously higher intensity call 
than Whistle, less aggressive than Juvenile Pumping Note, The initial 
'’greeting" sound; not often associated with actual disputing. 
In actual sound, this note is still very close to the high intensity 
Distress Call of very young chicks. Still quite different from adult Long 
Call Note. Still definitely polysyllabic, in typical form. 
Perhaps most characteristic with Bowing . Usually occurs on downbeat. 
But not too rare on upbeat. Usually only one note per beat. Also occurs 
with both Hunched and Low Oblique . Less often witji Eead-dov/n Hunched . 
Sometimes, relatively rarely or very rarely, accompanied by Ruffle . 
Often given by flying birds. Often given by landing birds. Often 
in series. /■ 
No trace of an organized Long Call as yet. 
Juvenile Long Call Note may also be a "flying intention movement"; 
frequently given by young ‘birds "exercising" their wings. 
- 
Juvenile Long Call Notes can intergrade with both Whistles and" Juvenile 
Pumping Notes. • -- 
A particularly "broken-up" version of the Juvenile Long Call Note may 
be the forerunner of the adult Alarm Call . Much less like the adult Alarm 
Call, however, than the corresponding note of the juvenile Ring-bill. 
7 . Juvenile Pumping Note complex . Obviously the most aggressive. nail; 
probably usually very high intensity, perhaps highest intensity, ’ occurs 
during all sorts of disputes, particularly territorial "defense, usually just 
before attack. ’ 
This sound is very reminiscent of adult Gakkering, Choking, and Copul- 
ation Calls, Typical "high intensity rhythm". Obviously a rapid, hoarse, 
repeated version of the Juvenile Long Call Note. 
Can be accompanied by various postures. 
Most aggressive, semi-Upright or semi-Oblique , pre-attack, wings held 
out from the body or drooping, (but carpal joints usually held out less than 
the rest of the wing). Sometimes accompanied by Ruffle , but apparently 
less frequently now than before. Tail markedly raised. 
Most characteristic, perhaps, with Head-dov/n Hunched . dings held out 
and/or drooped. Tail markedly raised. 
