410 
BULLETIN OF BUREAU OF FISHERIES 
Table 8. — Survivals of 700 goldfish in various concentrations of 11 acids found in industrial 
wastes *• — Continued 
Specific con- 
nTT 
ductivity 
Substances 
Concentra- 
tion ratio 
by weight 
Parts 
per 
mil- 
Diluent 
water 
mhoXlO - ® 
at 25° C. 
Survival time 2 
Constituent of— 
lion 
Water 
Solu- 
tion 
Water 
Solu- 
tion 
Hydrochloric acid.. 
Do 
3 1:1,000 
1,000 
196 
7.8 
1.8 
3.0 
680 
3,481 
1,221 
1:5, 100 
.do.. .. 
8.0 
641 
1 hour 15 minutes to 1 
hour 30 minutes. 
Do 
1:5,614 
178 
do 
8.0 
3.5 
641 
930 
1 hour 23 minutes to 2 
hours 15 minutes. 
Do 
1:6,011 
166 
do 
8.0 
4.0 
641 
912 
4 hours 28 minutes to 6 
iChemical wastes. 
hours 32 minutes. 
Do 
1:6, 209 
159 
... do 
8.0 
4. 5 
641 
853 
CO 
Do 
3 1:10,000 
100 
7.8 
6.9 
645 
654 
CO 
Do 
3 1:100,000 
10 
7.8 
7.5 
645 
650 
CO 
Do 
3 1:1, 000, 000 
1:326 
1 
7.8 
7.7 
645 
648 
00 
3,068 
8.0 
3.0 
641 
1, 100 
40 to 50 minutes. _ 
Do 
1:706 
1,416 
8.0 
3.5 
641 
765 
1 hour 12 minutes to 1 
Dairy industries 
wastes. 
hour 45 minutes. 
Do 
1:1,530 
054 
8.0 
4.0 
041 
COO 
Do 
1:2, 324 
430 
do 
8.0 
4.6 
641 
566 
1 : 1, 333 
750 
7.8 
3.4 
666 
1,625 
818 
30 to 50 minutes . . . 
Do 
1:5, 000 
200 
7.8 
4.9 
066 
•Chemical wastes. 
Do 
1 : 10, 000 
100 
7.9 
7.9 
652 
698 
CO 
Oxalic acid 
1 : 1, 000 
1,000 
do 
7.8 
2.6 
666 
2, 620 
25 to 30 minutes... 
Do 
1:5, 000 
1:10, 000 
1:17, 000 
1:40, 000 
1:100,000 
3 1:1,000 
200 
7.9 
5.3 
652 
405 
CO 
Dye, tanning 
and bleaching 
wastes. 
Do . 
100 
7.9 
6.8 
652 
524 
00 
Do 
59 
Very soft 
6. 2 
4.5 
<50 
<50 
652 
146 
oo 
Do. _ 
25 
6.2 
5.8 
119 
CD 
Do 
10 
7.9 
7.6 
662 
co 
Sulphuric acid 
1, 000 
do _ 
7.8 
2.2 
645 
1,381 
30 to 45 minutes 
Do 
1:5, 922 
169 
do 
7.8 
3.0 
640 
1.203 
50 minutes to 1 hour 10 
minutes. 
Do 
1:7,000 
143 
Soft 
6.4 
3.5 
583 
790 
2 hours 30 minutes to 5 
hours 17 minutes. 
Do. 
1:7,000 
143 
7.8 
3.5 
640 
1, 170 
2 hours to 2 hours 20 min- 
utes. 
Do 
1:7, 250 
1:7, 250 
138 
Soft 
6. 4 
3.9 
583 
753 
5 to 6 hours .. 
Do 
138 
7.8 
4.0 
640 
868 
4 hours to co _ 
Coal- and iron- 
mine waters. 
Do 
1:7, 450 
134 
6.4 
4.3 
583 
675 
6 hours 12 minutes to 96 
hours. 
Do 
1:7, 450 
3 1:7. 500 
134 
7.8 
4.5 
640 
756 
OO 
Do 
133 
7.8 
5.0 
6.8 
645 
673 
OO 
Do 
3 1:10, 000 
100 
7.8 
645 
698 
CO 
Do 
1:17, 000 
59 
Very soft 
6.2 
3.2 
<50 
450 
1 hour to 1 hour 15 minutes. 
Do 
1:60,000 
3 1:100,000 
1:120,000 
31:1, 000, 000 
1:1,000 
17 
6. 2 
4. 5 
<50 
645 
<50 
645 
666 
93 
CO 
Do 
10 
7.8 
7. 5 
692 
OO 
Do 
8 
Very soft 
6. 2 
5. 6 
85 
00 
Do 
1 
7.8 
7. 5 
695 
CO 
Tannic acid. 
1,000 
do ... 
7.8 
6.4 
631 
2 hours 38 minutes to 3 
hours 48 minutes. 
Do 
1:5, 000 
200 
do . 
7.9 
7.3 
652 
652 
7 hours 26 minutes to 9 
hours 26 minutes. 
Tannery wastes. 
Do 
1:10, 000 
100 
do 
7.9 
7.6 
652 
652 
9 hours 40 minutes to 20 
hours 20 minutes. 
Do 
1:100, 000 
1:1, 000 
10 
7.9 
7. 8 
652 
652 
CO 
1,000 
1, 000 
Very soft 
6. 2 
3. 2 
<50 
655 
900 
20 to 25 minutes 
Do... 
1:1, 000 
7.8 
3.9 
727 
3 hours to 3 hours 20 min- 
utes. 
Winery wastes. 
Do 
1:5, 000 
1:10, 000 
200 
7.8 
4. 6 
655 
700 
CO 
Do 
100 
Very soft 
6.2 
3.6 
<50 
205 
3 hours to 3 hours 33 min- 
utes. 
Do 
1:100, 000 
10 
6.2 
4.9 
<50 
<50 
CO 
1 Standard goldfish weight 3 to 5 grams used. Each fish in individual glass container carrying 3 liters of solution. Dissolved 
oxygen 6 to 7 p. p. m.; temperature maintained between 18° to 23° O. Diluent waters discussed on page — . 
2 Minimal and maximal survival times as found in these experiments. Infinity sign indicates survival greater than 4 days 
without any apparent injury to the fish. 
3 Initial voiume of 3 liters per fish replaced by constant flow apparatus at rate of 1 liter per hour. 
Considering the actual acidity of the resultant mixture of acids and a given 
hard water, the most acid mixtures in which goldfish survive 4 days or more were 
pH 4.0, sulphuric acid; pH 4.5, hydrochloric and citric acids; pH 4.6, lactic acid; 
pH 4.9, nitric and tartaric acids; pH 5.5, acetic acid; pH 5.8, oxalic acid; pH 5.9, 
benzoic acid; pH 7.3, chromic acid; and pH 7.8, tannic acid. To this comparison, 
