Collins and McBride: Spatially explicit life-history dynamics of a protogynous reef fish 
241 
ment to offshore waters may contribute notably to the 
reproductive success of hogfish in the eastern Gulf of 
Mexico (Johannes, 1998; Birkeland and Dayton, 2005). 
Still, because the conspicuous nature and inquisitive 
behavior of hogfish make them very vulnerable to fish- 
ing, routine monitoring of fishing effort or fishing power 
by the spearfishing sector is warranted, as is periodic 
monitoring of spatially explicit densities, harem struc- 
ture, and life history traits of this species. 
Acknowledgments 
This work could not have been completed without 
the dedication of the members of the Saint Peters- 
burg Underwater Club (SPUC). D. O’Hern acted as 
the SPUC spokesman throughout this research. We 
would like to thank captains B. Bateman, L. Borden, 
W. Butts, J. DeLaCruz, C. Gardinal, C. Grauer, T. 
Grogan, B. Hardman, J. Hermes, S. Hooker, I. Lathrop, 
S. Lucas, M. Joswig, D. O’Hern, D. Palmer, H. Scar- 
boro, C. Schnur, and R. Taylor. E. Leone, M. Murphy, 
and M. Greenwood provided statistical guidance. A. 
Richardson and K. McWhorter provided laboratory 
assistance. FWRI’s Fisheries-Independent Monitoring 
Program provided trawl samples. D. DeVries served 
as the NOAA/NMFS partner and provided useful com- 
ments throughout the project. G. Shepherd, J. Colvo- 
coresses, M. Murphy and three anonymous reviewers 
provided comments that improved this manuscript. 
The majority of the work described herein was funded 
by grant NA05NMF4540040 to the Florida Fish and 
Wildlife Conservation Commission from the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Cooperative 
Research Program. 
Literature cited 
Adams, S., B. D. Mapston, G. R. Russ, and C. R. Davies. 
2000. Geographic variation in the sex ratio, sex spe- 
cific size, and age structure of Plectropomus leopardus 
(Serranidae) between reefs open and closed to fishing 
on the Great Barrier Reef. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 
57:1448-1458. 
Allison, P. D. 
1999. Logistic regression using the SAS System, 288 
p. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 
Allman, R.J. 
2007. Small-scale spatial variation in the population 
structure of vermilion snapper ( Rhomboplites aurorubens ) 
from the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Res. 88:88—99. 
Alonzo, S. H., and M. Mangel. 
2005. Sex-change rules, stock dynamics, and the perfor- 
mance of spawning-per-recruit measures in protogynous 
stocks. Fish. Bull. 103:229-245. 
Bannerot, S., W. W. Fox, and J. E. Powers. 
1987. Reproductive strategies and the management of 
snappers and groupers. In Tropical snappers and grou- 
pers: biology and fisheries management ( J. J. Polovina 
and S. Ralston, eds.), p. 561-603. Westview Press, 
Boulder, CO. 
Birkeland, C., and P. K. Dayton. 
2005. The importance in fishery management of leaving 
the big ones. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:356-358. 
Brooks, E. N., J. E. Powers, and E. Cortes. 
2010. Analytical reference points for age-structured 
models: application to data-poor fisheries. ICES J. 
Mar. Sci. 67:165-175. 
Brule, T., C. Deniel, T. Colas-Marrufo, and M. Sanchez-Crespo. 
2003. Reproductive biology of gag in the southern Gulf 
of Mexico. J. Fish Biol. 63:1505-1520. 
Claro, R., A. Garcia-Cagide, and R. Fernandez de Alaiza. 
1989. Caraeteristicas biologicas del pez perro, Lachno- 
laimus maximus (Walbaum), en el golfo de Batabano, 
Cuba. Rev. Investig. Mar. 10:239-252. [In Spanish ] 
Colin, P. L. 
1982. Spawning and larval development of the hogfish, 
Lachnolaimus maximus (Pisces: Labridae). Fish. Bull. 
80:853-862. 
Davis, J. C. 
1976. Biology of the hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus (Wal- 
baum), in the Florida Keys. M.S. thesis, 86 p. Univ. 
Miami, Coral Gables, FL. 
DeVries, D. A. 
2006. The life history, reproductive ecology, and demog- 
raphy of the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, in the north- 
eastern Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D. diss., 160 p. Florida 
State Univ., Tallahassee, FL. 
Faunce, C. H., and J. E. Serafy. 
2007. Nearshore habitat use by gray snapper ( Lutja - 
nus griseus) and bluestriped grunt ( Haemulon sciurus ): 
environmental gradients and ontogenetic shifts. Bull. 
Mar. Sci. 80:473-495. 
Gannon, D. P., E. J. Berens McCabe, S. A. Camilleri, J. G. 
Gannon, M. K. Brueggen, A. A. Barleycorn, V. I. Palubok, G. J. 
Kirkpatrick, and R. S. Wells. 
2009. Effects of Karenia brevis harmful algal blooms on 
nearshore fish communities in southwest Florida. Mar. 
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 378:171-186. 
Gust, N. 
2004. Variation in the population biology of protogynous 
coral reef fishes over tens of kilometres. Can. J. Fish. 
Aquat. Sci. 61:205-218. 
Hamilton, S. L., J. E. Caselle, J. D. Standish, D. M. Schroeder, 
M. S. Love, J. A. Rosales-Casian, and O. Sosa-Nishizaki. 
2007. Size-selective harvesting alters life histories of a 
temperate sex-changing fish. Ecol. Appl. 17:2268-2280. 
Harris, P. J., and J. C. McGovern. 
1997. Changes in the life history of red porgy, Pagrus 
pagrus , from the southeastern United States, 1972— 
1994. Fish. Bull. 95:732-747. 
Hawkins, J. P., and C. M. Roberts. 
2003. Effects of fishing on sex-changing Caribbean par- 
rotfishes. Biol. Conserv. 115:213-226. 
Heppell, S. S., S. A. Heppell, F. C. Coleman, and C. C. Koenig. 
2006. Models to compare management options for a pro- 
togynous fish. Ecol. Appl. 16:238—249. 
Hu, C., F. E. Muller-Karger, and P. W. Swarzenski. 
2006. Hurricanes, submarine groundwater discharge, and 
Florida’s red tides. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 (LI 1601 ): 1—5. 
Ingram, G. W., Jr. 
2001. Stock structure of gray triggerfish Balistes capriscus 
on multiple spatial scales in the Gulf of Mexico. Ph.D. 
diss., 228 p. LTniv. South Alabama, Mobile, AL 
Jennings, S. D., M. J. Kaiser, and J. D. Reynolds. 
2001. Marine fisheries ecology, 417 p. Blackwell Sci- 
ence Ltd., Malden, MA. 
