240 
Fishery Bulletin 1 13(3) 
fish. For example, the type or amount of food is likely 
to be better calorically in captivity than in the wild 
(Alasalvar et ah, 2002; Gregorakis et al., 2002; Hande- 
land et al., 2003; Periago et ah, 2005; Benetti et ah, 
2010), and it could accelerate the development of the 
reserves a fish needs to graduate to the next habitat 
during its life history. 
Within 3 days of release, the majority of tagged fish 
in both years departed from the nursery, although cul- 
tured fish exited at twice the rate of wild fish. There 
were no obvious environmental differences seen be- 
tween years that could explain the different behavior 
patterns. For the batch of wild fish, higher numbers 
were detected during daylight hours than at night, and 
the movement of fish that stayed in the nursery for 
multiple weeks did not correspond with tidally driven 
changes in bottom temperature. Larger juveniles (>25 
cm FL) emigrated away from the nursery earlier; two- 
thirds of these juveniles traveled across soft bottom 
habitats (mean: 1.2 days [SD 1.69]) and the rest lin- 
gered in areas with rock ledges (mean: 13.3 days [SD 
20.9]). Our research indicates that juvenile crimson 
jobfish cultured in the laboratory or pulled from the 
wild will quickly emigrate even if released in a viable 
nursery habitat. This behavior prompts a number of 
ontogenetic, behavioral, and survivorship questions for 
future study that are particularly relevant for aqua- 
culture as a means to enhance the stock of deep-slope 
fish species. 
Acknowledgments 
This research was supported by a grant from the State 
of Hawaii Fishery Disaster Relief Program (grant # 
657788). Wild fish were obtained under a State of Ha- 
waii Scientific Collection Permit with the help of R. 
Sixberry. Surgical procedures were in accordance with 
guidelines of the University of Hawaii Institutional 
Animal Care & Use Committee (6 August 2006). Help- 
ful comments on the manuscript were provided by D. 
Kobayashi, E. DeMartini, and a number of anonymous 
reviewers. 
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