WARD’S NATURAL SCIENCE BULLETIN. 
5 
GEOLOGY. 
Under this heading we invite attention in the 
first place to our extensive series of ROCKS— 
IGNEOUS, MET AMORPHIC, and SEDIMEN- 
TARY— in which all the noted foreign localities, 
from the Giant’s Causeway to the Islands of New 
Zealand, are represented, as well as other collect- 
ing-grounds nearer home. These are in speci- 
mens of a uniform size, with fresh surfaces and 
well marked characters. For those who are not 
specialists, and whom this wealth of material 
would puzzle to select from, we have carefully 
prepared several general COLLECTIONS OF 
TYPICAL ROCKS to facilitate the teaching of 
this subject. Briefly these collections are: 
The UNION SCHOOL COLLECTION of 50 
specimens, price $20. 
The ACADEMY COLLECTION of 100 speci- 
mens, price $45. 
The COLLEGE COLLECTION of 275 speci- 
mens (many of large size), price $200. 
These collections are arranged according to 
mineral composition. We have also two in 
stratigraphical order: 
A GENERAL STRATIGRAPHICAL COL 
LECTION of 100 specimens from typical Euro- 
pean and American localities including Chart of 
Geological Time, price $50. 
ROCKS OF THE NEW YORK SYSTEM, 
110 specimens, with diagrams giving thickness 
of the different strata on the bottom of each block 
accompanied with Chart of Geological Time and 
Descriptive Catalogue, $80. 
The respective prices affixed include all labels 
and mountings , and printed catalogues. (For fur- 
ther details see our General Catalogue of Geology, 
price 20 cents. ) 
Besides these trimmed rocks for collections we 
have a varied assortment of material illustrating 
special points in PHENOMENAL GEOLOGY 
(faults, veins, etc.) and as adjuncts in teaching 
GEOLOGICAL MODELS in wood, showing 
graphically the effects of erosion, faults, out- 
crops, etc. Also, RELIEF MAPS of interesting 
regions (Vesuvius, Etna, Mont Blanc, Colorado 
Canon and others), and GEOLOGICAL CHARTS 
and LANDSCAPES, for information concerning 
which consult our Catalogue of Geology and Lith- 
ology. , t > 
GEOLOGICAL CHARTS AND 
PICTURES. 
We have geological charts of all kinds. We 
would call particular attention to the CHART 
OF GEOLOGICAL TIME, prepared by Mr. 
Howell, for the U. S. Geological Survey. In 
this Chart the strata of the different States of the 
Union, Canada and Europe, are correlated, and 
approximate thicknesses given, the whole so 
arranged as to show at a glance to what Epoch, 
Period, Age and Era they beloug. 
This is the most comprehensive chart of the 
kind yet published, and is invaluable to every 
student of Geology. Accuracy and the latest 
information were insured by consultation with 
the state geologists, who furnished much infor- 
mation later than the official reports. Size, 84 X 
45 inches. Price, mounted with black walnut 
roller $2. . 
To meet the wants of students who need a 
chart of this kind for constant reference we will 
send as follows ; 
4 unmounted charts to one address for $5. 
9 “ “ “ “ “ “ $10. 
15 “ “ “ “ “ $15. 
Also, a series of sixteen Lithographic Pictures 
of IDEAL geological landscapes, by Dr. Unger. 
This is a very celebrated suite of pictures, the 
work of a scientist especially qualified for the 
task of giving graphic reality to facts long locked 
in the stony strata of the earth. Size 19 x 24 
inches; price of set, nicely boxed and framed, $70. 
Restoration of Extinct Animals, by B 
Waterhouse Hawkins. Size 2 ft. 6 in.x3 ft. 3 in. 
Price of this famous set of six pictures, nicely 
framed, $60. 
BIRTH AND DEATH OF WORLDS. 
It has been shown that, had past geological 
changes in the earth taken place at the same rate 
as those which are now in progress, 100,000,000 
of years at the very least would have been re- 
quired to produce those effects which have actu- 
ally been produced, we find, since the earth’s 
surface was fit to be the abode of life. But 
recently it has been pointed out, correctly in all 
probability, that under the greater tide-raising 
power of the moon in past ages, these changes 
would have taken place more rapidly. As, how- 
ever, certainly 10,000,000 of years, and probably 
a much longer time, must have elapsed since the 
moon was at that favorable distance for raising 
tides, we are by no means enabled, as some well- 
meaning but mistaken persons have imagined, to 
reduce the life-bearing stage of the earth from a 
duration of 100,000,000 of years to a minute 
fraction of such a period. The short life, but 
exceedingly lively one, which they desire to see 
established by geological or astronomical reason- 
ing, never can be demonstrated. At the very 
least we must assign 10,000,000 years to the 
life-bearing stage of the earth’s existence. If we 
multiply this period by seven for Jupiter, we get 
a period of 70,000,000 years longer. But take 
the stage preceding that of life on the earth. 
From the researches of Bischoff into the cooling 
of masses of heated rock, it seems to follow that 
a period of more than 300,000,000 years must 
have been required for the cooling of the earth 
from a temperature of 2,000° centigrade to one of 
200°, a cooling which has certainly taken place. 
Suppose, however, that these experiments, or the 
calculations based on them, were vitiated by 
some error so considerable as to increase the real 
duration of the fiery stage of our earth’s history 
more than ten-fold, the real dnration of that 
period being only 30,000,000 years. Multiply 
this in turn by seven, and we get a period of 210,- 
000,000 years, or 180,000,000 years longer. We 
ought next to consider the vaporous stage; but 
the evidence on which to form an opinion as to 
the duration of this stage of a planet’s history is 
too slight to be the basis cf actual calculation. 
“Here,” as Tyndall has well remarked, “conjec- 
ture must entirely cease.” But, by considering 
only two stages — the fiery stage and the life-bear- 
ing, or rather that portion of the life-bearing 
stage through which the earth has hitherto 
passed — we find the two monstrous time peri- 
ods— 180,000,000 and 60,000,000, or 240,000,000 
years in all. They mean that, if our assumption 
as to the effect of Jupiter’s superior mass is cor 
rect, then, supposing Jupiter and the earth to 
have started into existence as distinct orbs at the 
same or nearly the same time, 240,000,000 years 
must elapse before Jupiter will reach the stage 
of planetary life through which our earth is now 
passing. Whether the assumption be correct or 
not, the time difference between the stages of 
Jupiter’s life and the earth’s are of this order. 
They must be measured by tens of millions, if 
not by hundreds of millions, of years. We must 
note, however, that the 240.000,000 years corres. 
pond with only a seventh part of that time in the 
earth’s history ; so that we may say that, if our 
assumptions are correct, Jupiter would now be in 
the stage in which our earth was 34,000,000 years 
ago, or nearer the beginning than the end of the 
fiery stage. — Procter , in Belgravia. 
We have on hand at the present time, by far, 
the largest and best lot of Fluor s ever seen in 
America. Many hundred specimens of all colors 
including beautiful violets, purples, greens, 
yellows &c. , from Cumberland, Cornwall and 
Freiberg. We have nice hand specimens ranging 
in price from 50 els. to $1, and from that up to 
large magnificent groups with crystals over 3^ 
inches in diameter worth from $10 to $20. 
Our Chalcocites ( Redruthite ), from the old local- 
ity at Cornwall, are the best we have ever seen. 
They were taken out of the mines twenty years 
ago and carefully packed away by an experien- 
ced collector living near the locality, from whom, 
Mr. Howell, purchased the entire lot while in 
Cornwall a few months since. As this locality 
was exhausted many years ago, those desiring 
this interesting mineral should not postpone 
securing a fine specimen now. 
ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. 
In this de- 
partment we 
have an ex- 
tensive and 
varied assort- 
ment of ma- 
terial, com- 
prising arti- 
cles of dress, 
tools, weap- 
ons, utensils, 
etc. , of his- 
toric and pre- 
historic races. 
DANISH 
stone and 
bronze imple- 
ments, and 
pottery in 
large number and great variety of form. Articles 
of various kinds of the SWISS LAKE DWELL- 
ERS. Implements and fac similes of bone carv- 
ings, from the French troglodyte caves. 
Pottery, carved images and stone implements 
of the Aborigines of the United States, Mexico 
and Central America. 
IDOLS, SPEARS, BOOMERANGS, etc., from 
Australia and the Pacific Islands. 
We would call especial attention to some beau- 
tiful stone tipped arrows from the Digger Indians 
of California. 
POTTERY CLOTH’S MUMMIES, etc., from 
Peruvian graves; and mummies (human and ani- 
mal), from the mummy pits of Egypt. 
CASTS OF ANTIQUITIES. 
We also have casts from the actual specimens 
of many unique and interesting antiquaries, such 
as the famous Rosetta Stone, which first gave the 
key to the Egyptian Hieroglyphics; Osis, the 
Egyptian Venus; winged Lions from Nineveh 
and other Assyrian figures; the Black Obelisk of 
Shalmaneser, recording the Annals and Conquests 
of Shalmaneser, who died 823 B. C., and repre- 
sents the vassal princes — Jehu of Israel among 
the number — bringing tribute to the Assyrian 
king; the famous Deluge Tablet giving the Chal- 
dean account of The Flood; the very important 
Moabite Stone — which contains a record of the 
wars of Mesha, King of Moab, with Israel (as 
recorded in 2 Kings, III) — the inscription at the 
Pool of Siloam, and many othersa; Iso REDCUED 
MODELS (not casts) of winged Lion and Bull of 
British Museum; the CATE TOWNS of Colorado 
and New Mexico, and the Animal Mounds of 
Wisconsin. 
