XXIV 
CONTENTS. 
whence all the Detritus radiated.— Powerful denudation of Sweden.— Its southern Promontories 
and the Islands in the Bothnian Gulf worn down and striated on their Northern Faces, and un- 
affected on their Southern Sides.— These results referred to the passage of the Northern Drift.— 
Illustration of the distinction between the Osars, as formed by Aqueous Action only, and the 
great Blocks, often angular, as transported by Ice-floes .— The Drift in Great Britain and Ireland 
shown to have equally produced the Striation and Polish of Rocks as in Sweden.— Reference 
to the Striated Rocks of Greece ; and supposed Elevation of adjacent Sea-bottoms applied to 
the argument derived from the presence of Shells of Arctic Characters. -Limits of the ancient 
terrestrial Icy Tract of the North.— Large Eastern and Southern Lands above the Sea and in- 
habited by Mammoths, whilst the Countries covered by foreign Drift were beneath the sea . . 
CHAPTER XXII. 
BLACK EARTH.— TERRESTRIAL CHANGES IN RUSSIA.— CONCLUSION. 
The Black Earth or Tchomozem of Central and Southern Russia shown to be a Subaqueous Forma- 
tion.— Modern Terrestrial Changes.— Peculiar state of the surface of Russia during the Spring 
Debacles.— Action on Ice of Rivers and Lakes in throwing up Ridges of Stone in former and 
present times.— Great Annual Denudation of the Subsoil.— Enormous Deltas and new-formed 
Lands. Changes operated by Man, compared with Geological Phenomena.— Resumd of some 
of the chief Objects attained in this Work, and Conclusion 
APPENDIX. 
A. Description of some characteristic Palaeozoic Corals of Russia. By W. Lonsdale, F.G.S 
B. An Accountof the Microscopic Structure of certain Fossil Teeth from theenvironsof Riga, by which 
they are determined to belong to the genus Dendrodus of Sauroid Fishes. By Professor Owen. 
C. Professor Owen upon certain Saurians of the Permian Rocks 
D. Account of the Forest of Bialavieja, the habitat of the wild Aurochs or Zubr. (See also 
up. 503, 504.) 
E. Alphabetical List of Simple Minerals found in the Ural Mountains, arranged from a Catalogue 
prepared by Lieut. Koksharof of the Imperial Mining Corps 
F. Domanik Schist 
G. Igneous Origin of Magnetic Iron Ore 
H . PalDeozoic Rocks of Scandinavia 
I. Inverted Strata on the Flanks of the Ural Mountains reconsidered (see p. 463.) 
K. South Coast of the Black Sea 
L. Gold Produce of Siberia 
M. The right bank of the Lower Volga formed the Cliffs of an ancient Sea 
N. Permian Rocks near Bachmuth 
O. Coal Fields of Poland and Silesia 
P. Tertiary Deposits of North Germany and Poland 
Q. Steppe Limestone (Aralo- Caspian) 
Description of the Plates and Maps 
Index 
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635 
637 
638 
640 
645 
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646 
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648 
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651 
652 
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653 
665 
