59 
SECTION OF THE OKA — BIELEF TO LICHVIN. 
this little ravine are inclined 15° to the north-north-east, but this inclination is 
evidently a local phenomenon 1 . 
The light and buff-coloured marly limestones to the south of Lichvin are the 
highest beds of the Devonian system which we could trace, owing to the great cover 
of sand and detritus. In these we collected a Terebratula analogous to T. pleuro- 
don in its general form, Cirrus acutus (Sow.), Bellcrophon striatus (D Orb.), 0>- 
thoceras vermiculare (nob.), together with casts of Modiola, Nucula and Turritella, 
which are indeterminable. The re-occurrence at this spot of fossils, which in other 
places (as towards Mtzensk and at Voroneje) are associated with unquestionable 
Devonian types, left no doubt of the age of these beds. By their low position in 
the hill sides, independent of the gentle inclination to the north, they undoubtedly 
lie beneath the sands with coal and the carboniferous limestone, which succeed to 
the north of Lichvin, and which on the frontier of the Moscow basin, as well as in 
the Valdai Hills, form the base of the Carboniferous system. The long, coloured 
section under the Map, sufficiently illustrates the general succession in this part of 
the country. 
Among the equivocal sections of the upper members of this system— tor we had 
not time to place it exactly in the series— is one which we met with on the bank of 
the rivulet Ulahue, sixteen versts east of Krapivna (between Tula and Lichvin), 
in the undulating slopes near which, a little water-course laid bare this section. 
Mavis, blueish, yellow, &c. 
White marlstone, like hardened chalk, in beds of one to two feet. , e nJr : fprap 
Calcareous flagstones, in parts sandy and siliceous, with Producti, Leptamse, ere la u 8e an 
Concretions of cream-coloured marly limestone. 
Yellowish limestone of magnesian aspect. 
Flagstones, with minute fossils (Cytherinse ?), small fishes’ teeth and scales. 
Clavs and marls. 
conchoid,! w„h o, ciiicih.d wood. 
The uppermost beds are covered with ferruginous sand containing ironstone ' 
concretions, and the plateau is spread over by some detritus (drift) as well as by 
the black earth or “ Tchornozem,” of which and all the superficial deposits we 
shall treat in the concluding chapters. , , 
Besides a curious fish’s tooth, the occurrence in these beds of, apparently, ie 
. , . orint . are US ed as tombstones in the churchyard of Kipet, and it was 
^ T “ “ - h * h 
the bed of the adjacent rivulet, about half a verst to the west of the church. 
