ANTHRACITE OF KRASNOI-KUT AND POPOFSKOE. 
101 
stalline axis of tlie southern steppes, and from suggesting, that in their subterranean 
prolongation, the igneous rocks there rising near to the surface, may have con- 
verted the superjacent ordinary coal into anthracite, and have indurated the asso- 
ciated grits, sandstones and schists. 
Krasnoi-Kut . — Of the coal of intermediate quality, to which we have alluded, 
we would cite the beds which outcrop and are worked in horizontal galleries on the 
slopes of the hills near Krasnoi-Kut, the residence of General Papkoff, and south 
of the post-station of Ivanofka. Here we examined two beds of coal (PL I. fig. 4.), 
the one included between two thick bands of shale and overlaid by dark limestone 
with Chcetetes radians , Encrinites, and the undescribed branching coral of the English 
mountain limestone before alluded to (p. 93), the other resting upon sandy schist 
with plants, surmounted by yellowish, thick -bedded sandstone and then by encrinital 
limestone, undulating at slight inclinations of about 10°. These coals, occurring 
in beds three feet and three and a half feet thick, are readily extracted in the mines 
of General Papkoff, and have been employed in working a steam-engine used in 
manufactories which he has established L They are excellent seams for their 
dimensions, many parts of the coal being undistinguishable from iridescent 
British varieties. Coal of similar quality has been observed outcropping in several 
places in the same neighbourhood. In following these bands to the east, they 
are found to lose their bituminous properties as they approach the Donetz, and 
to become more anthracitic. 
Anthracite of Popofskoe . — The most important works of anthracite in this region 
are those on the rivulet Grujefka, near the hamlet of Popofskoe, thirty versts north 
of NovoTcherkask, to which place and to the neighbouring rivers Don and Donetz 
the coal is conveyed in the light carts of the country. It is, in fact, already the 
fuel used to some extent in the towns of Novo Tcherkask, Rostoff and other places 
on the Sea of Azof, where his Excellency Count M. W oronzow, Governor-general 
of these provinces, has encouraged the natives to abandon the use of wood, which 
is extremely dear, and to construct fire-places for the use of this superior sub- 
stitute. 
Two seams (as shown in PL I. fig. 5.) are exposed on the left bank of a small 
stream, above whose banks they are seen to crop out on the sides of low hills. A 
brownish, micaceous gritty sandstone, having the characters of many ordinary coal 
strata, and dipping to the north at about 15°, forms the principal substratum, and 
1 * Journal des Mines de Russie,’ vol. vi. p. 140 et seq. 
P 
