104 RED SANDSTONES IN THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 
2nd. Limestone, sandstone, shale, and bituminous coal. It is this member 
which is so much developed in the north-eastern corner of the coal re- 
gion, and in which coal is so largely worked at Lissitchia-Balka. 
Coal-fields in the Northern Tracts . — The section of the Kalmiuss having taught 
us the order of the strata, and a survey of the banks of the Krinka, Miuss and 
Donetz having induced us to surmise, that no very productive coal-seams are yet 
known in the southern or older zone (with the exception of certain beds of anthra- 
cite), we now proceed to describe, first, some other localities which we visited to 
the south and south-east of Bachmuth, next the more productive mines of Uspensk, 
east of the foundry of Lugan, and lastly those of Lissitchia-Balka on the Donetz, 
in all of which places coal is worked. 
On the right bank of the larger of the two small rivers called the Toretz, coal 
is extracted by the natives for their own use at several localities. To the east 
of this stream the country rises in dome-shaped hills, attaining to several hundred 
feet of elevation, which are in great part composed of red, white, grey, and olive- 
coloured sandstones and grits. Some of these grits, indeed, seem to rise up from 
beneath the coal-seams to form the plateaus of Gosudarev-Buyerak, &c., and 
others are seen to fold over to the north, and pass upwards into thin bands of 
carboniferous limestone, loaded with Producti and Encrinites, or rather the lim p, 
stones are included in a great development of sandstone. There is, however, a 
large expanse of pure white and red sandstone between Zemliakaand Scotovaitova, 
which, like the strata to the south of Goradofka, we have little doubt belongs 
to the same portion of the Carboniferous system (Upper Limestone series). At 
Scotovaitova, where the village is built of white grit, the ascending section from 
the valley of the Krivoi-Toretz up the sides of the hills offered,— 1st. Hard greyish 
and yellow mottled sandstones. 2nd. White grits. 3rd. Flagstones. 4th. Deep 
red, micaceous, earthy sandstone, passing into shale. On the whole, this sand- 
stone group reminded us more of certain white and red grits which underlie some 
of our English coal-fields, as in the Forest of Wyre, Salop, and along the North 
Welsh border at Oswestry, than any other rocks with which we could compare 
them. Wherever they contained no coal plants, and were in juxtaposition to the 
new red sandstone, such strata, even in England, were formerly classed with that 
formation, at a time when mere colour and mineral characters prevailed over other 
considerations. In a sketch by Captain Ivanitzki of this portion of the country 
