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CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF THE TCHUSSOVAYA. 
After various grand undulations, in which limestone, sometimes dolomitic, con- 
stitutes three-fourths of the river cliffs (schists and quartzose grit being i-arely 
seen), the uppermost portion of the formation is admirably exposed in rocks on 
the right bank of the river, a little to the east of Ust-Coiva. The strata are there 
exhibited in beds inclined to the west at an angle of 70°, and by pacing across 
them, as far as they were visible, we estimated the thickness of this one member 
of the limestone to he not less than 1000 feet ( a to b of section beneath). 
Some of these beds are of light grey, others of brown colour ; their fracture is 
conchoidal, and they contain among other fossils the Spirifer Mosquensis, which 
unquestionably refers them to the same age as the white limestone of Moscow. 
The woodcut which is here annexed will give the reader an idea of the manner 
in which these limestones subside under hard quartzose sandstones, and after- 
wards emerge in anticlinal flexures, to the west of Ust-Coiva. 
21 . 
W. Grit. Ust-Coiva. Dolomite. E. 
Arch of limestone. Trough of grit. (many fossils) Limestone, highly inclined and contorted. 
At the spot where it dips under the grit, the limestone is in the condition of a 
yellow decomposing dolomite. 
Millstone Grit and Coal— The rock which immediately surmounts the limestone, 
on the Tchussovaya, is a hard siliceous sandstone, occasionally coarse-grained, 
which is undistinguishable from certain varieties of the millstone grit of English 
ideologists, and is actually worked for millstones. This grit occupies the higher 
grounds or plateaus where the limestone has not been raised to the surface, and 
is seen in several troughs on the banks of the Tchussovaya, to the west of Ust- 
Coiva. It is of considerable dimensions, and when followed to the west is found 
to contain impressions of carboniferous plants. 
At about twelve versts east of the village of Kalino, and on the property of the 
Princess Butera, beds of coal have been found subordinate to this formation. Two 
galleries have been driven into the rock at different levels. In the lowest of these 
works, the strata were found to plunge 40° to the west-north-west, a bed of coal ol 
which the rocks are beautifully decked with northern forest trees and many flowering plants, Cypripedium. 
calceolus, Orchis, St achy s, Vicia, &c. Caverns are not unfrequent, and as usual in most countries 
bordering on Siberia, several of these are called the caves of Y ermac, and in which the Cossack con- 
queror of the Siberian Tatars is supposed to have been concealed, after his early disasters. 
