156 
SECTIONS NEAR BUGULMA AND TCHISTOPOL. 
above given indicates some amount of upheaval proceeding from east to west, in 
the valley of the Kid ash ; and we know, indeed, that north and south dislo- 
cations, and of which we shall presently speak, have affected the region further 
to the north. We could not, therefore, observe the rapid change, in a very 
short horizontal distance, which takes place in this line of hills, viz. from marl- 
stone and limestone to grit and sandstone, without supposing, that some upcasts 
and downcasts may exist. We still however adhere to the belief, that the great 
lithological complexity of the series is mainly due to frequent inosculations of dif- 
ferent mineral layers. 
In pursuing our examination westwards we observed great concretionary masses 
of gypsum with spacious caverns, beneath escarpments of white limestone, in the 
deeply excavated valley watered by the river Ik. Between the Ik and Bugulma, 
on the contrary, we saw sections of copper grits and sandstones beneath white and 
yellow 7 limestones, containing corals and minute fossils, which are referred to 
Cytherinse. Towards Bugulma, however, gypseous masses reappear in force near 
the base of the hills. 
A line drawn from Tchistopol upon the north, to Bogoroslan on the south, may 
serve as the western limit to which the chief plant-bearing and cupriferous grits 
extend, for to the west of it no plants have been found, no copper ores are worked, 
and the whole Permian system, with few exceptions, is represented by limestones, 
with shale and marl, or marlstone. Near Tchistopol, for example, when we tra- 
velled from the w 7 est, we learnt our first lesson respecting the intimate connection 
between the grits of Perm containing plants and carbonaceous matter, with bands 
of Productus limestone, as represented in this woodcut. 
S. 
Tchomozcm or black earth over- 
lying other detritus 
marls, &c 
Strong bands of limestone, with 
Avicula Kazanensis, Productus 
Canerini, &c. 
Grits, with fossil plants 
26 . 
N. 
Alluvial Plain of the Kama. 
We there saw how such beds of grit pass distinctly under limestone with Pro- 
ducts and how to the east of this, viz. to the embouchure of the Kama and at 
Kazan, gypseous white limestone, marlstone, shale and marl constitute the whole 
system. That these rocks are, however, precisely of similar age to those we have 
been describing, is quite evident, for they contain the same species of fossils. 
