160 
COUNTRY BETWEEN PERM AND KAZAN. 
conglomerate, seemed to us to be plastered irregularly upon the flanks of 
the older limestone, and thus reminded us of the junction of the dolomitic 
conglomerate with the mountain limestone near Bristol and in the Mendip 
Hills. A heavy storm, however, prevented us from satisfactorily deciding this 
point. 
Country between Perm and Kazan . — In receding from the Ural chain in a more 
northern parallel than that which we have just described, i.e. from Perm to Kazan, 
the geologist equally traverses a great cupriferous region, the western limits of 
which are about 100 versts east of the latter city. 
In this region limestone is much less developed (at least within short distances of the high road) than in the tract3 
before mentioned. To the east of Ochansk we perceived a hard, greyish limestone, and at the village of Nosdri, 
six versts north-east of Soskofskaya, we met with another variety, a white and somewhat compact limestone, but 
neither of them seemed to contain fossils. In all the tracts east of the Kama, the same red marls and grits prevail 
as at Perm, and the surface is here and there covered with the disintegrated materials of the conglomerates 
before alluded to. Copper ore occurs in a deposit similar to those described at Perm, and of these we inspected 
collections at theZavod of Yugoshansk, chiefly brought from the mines of Mola-lashinskaya. In these were some 
of the finest specimens of plants, particularly the Catamites gigas { Brongn.). In the low undulating country be- 
tween Okansk and Mahnish, towards the western limit of the copper region, little of interest is to be observed, 
and the surface is uniformly occupied either by red marls and sands, or by an occasional pebbly rock, which we 
found undecomposed at one place only, near Sassnobskaya, where it formed the cap of a hill and was quarried to 
a depth of thirty feet. To the east of this the same materials, viz. pebbles derived from the Ural Mountains, 
arising from the breaking up of these conglomerates in place, are strewed about at intervals, just as the detritus of 
the central counties of England has been formed out of the degradation of the pre-existing conglomerates of the 
New Red Sandstone 1 . 
Towards the Viatka river, all traces of the conglomerate gradually disappear, and the cupriferous zone is 
succeeded by marls, marlstone and limestone. From what we observed in the portion of the government of 
Viatka which we passed through, we were not induced to extend our researches northwards to the city of that 
name ; the more so as we were informed, that the country around it contained strata precisely analogous to those 
we are now describing ; and in a previous journey from Ustiug to Nikolsk, we had indeed seen specimens of lime- 
stone, derived from Ivotelnitch near Viatka. In descending the Viatka to Malmadish, dark red sandy grits, with 
much false bedding, and containing many flattened concretions of slightly calcareous grit, are interlaced with red 
marls. 
These rocks, extending to the Kama, are there associated with limestone con- 
taining Zech stein fossils, as described near Tchistopol (p. 156). Midway between 
Malmadish and Malmish, flaggy limestones overlie the red rocks, and in the same 
district, at the Taischoffski Zavod, we met with a fine section of Magnesian 
Limestone with Producti and Aviculse, of which fifty to sixty feet are exposed, 
covered by red and white and greenish marls, in which some small amount of 
1 We were informed by the Golova, or chief tradesman of Sassnobskaya, that limestone also occurred 
six versts south of his little town. 
