ROCKS AROUND KAZAN. 
161 
copper ore occurs. This is the westernmost copper Zavod with which we are 
acquainted 1 . 
Between Malmish and Kazan, the sandstone and grits are exposed in many 
places. At the Tatar village of Salaouch they have evidently been subjected to 
dislocations. The beds of marl at this place, and of hard sandstone at the station 
between it and Malmish, though four versts apart, are both sharply inclined to the 
east-south-east at an angle of 32°. It also appeared to us, that certain bands of 
thinly laminated white limestone and marlstone which form the summits of these 
hills, were horizontal, and consequently unconformable to the subjacent grits and 
marls. The dislocation of these lower beds is an important fact in teaching us 
the westernmost limits to which the disturbing causes connected with the elevation 
of the Ural chain have extended. The liorizontality, also, of overlying beds of white 
marlstone and limestone is no less important, in enabling us to speculate upon the 
age of certain strata, which are widely spread out in the centre of this great red 
basin, of which we are treating. There is a considerable accumulation of these 
overlying materials of marls, sands and tufaceous limestone or marlstone near the 
town of Arsk, offering a section of about 100 feet, in which, however, we found no 
fossils. 
Rocks around Kazan.— The city of Kazan is built upon a succession of thin 
courses of impure limestone, reddish-brown marly shale, &c. Some beds contain- 
ing fossils are seen in a white limestone under the citadel, though the vast denuda- 
tions and enormous accumulations of clay, drift and sand for the most part obscuie 
the fundamental rock : it again rises, however, from the plain of the Volga in an 
isolated hill on which a monastery is built, on the right bank of the Kasenka. 
On the right bank of the Volga, however, at a distance of a few versts from 
Kazan, fine bold cliffs from 250 to 300 feet in height are seen, which will be pre- 
sently described. In the mean time we would advert to the sections on the Kama 
and Volga, to the south of Kazan. 
The section at Smeof, near Tchistopol, alluded to p. 156, clearly exposes beds of 
orit like those of Perm, and charged with similar plants, underlying magnesian 
limestones containing Producti and Avicute, and surrounded by green and 
. This copper work is the property of M. Yartsoff, and is worked by M. Sakaloff, who gave us a 
cordial reception. The ore which was formerly extracted at this spot, is now chiefly brought from the 
more arenaceous tracts upon the east, the smelting being continued here on account of the value of the 
buildings and the proximity of the limestone, &c. 
