CHAPTER IX. 
PERMIAN ROCKS OF THE NORTH ON THE RIVERS DWINA AND 
PINEGA.— OVERLYING RED DEPOSITS OF THE CENTRAL AND 
SOUTHERN REGIONS.— ORGANIC REMAINS AND CONCLUSIONS. 
Sections of the Gypsiferous Rocks overlying the Carboniferous Limestone, on the Pinega 
and Dwina Rivers. — Zechstein of Ust Vaga and Kiriloff. — Sections of overlying 
red and green Marls and Sands, with Tufaceous Limestone from Ust-Vaga to 
Ustiug -Veliki. — Sections on the banks of the rivers Strelna and Suchona. — Totma 
and its Salt Springs. — Vologda, Ustiujnitz, tyc. — Sections on the Volga below 
Kostroma, and from Jurievitz by Balachna, to Nijni Novogorod. — Relations of red 
Deposits on the Volga to the Limestone of Kazan and Sviask. — Red and Gypsiferous 
Sands and Marls of the Oka. — Fossiliferous red Marls of Viasniki on the Kliasma. 
— Rock Salt and Gypsum of Illetzkaya- Zastchita (Orenburg) . — Detached Saliferous 
Rocks in the Steppes of Astrakhan.— Mount Bogdo and doubts concerning its age . — 
Review of the Organic Remains of the Permian System and associated Rocks. 
HEAVING indicated the relations of that member of the Permian series, which 
unquestionably represents the Zechstein, to gypsiferous and other masses beneath 
it and to a wide expanse of conglomerate, red marl and sand above it, in the 
governments of Nijni Novogorod, Simbirsk, &c., we shall in this chapter offer 
independent proofs of a similar succession on the banks of the rivers Pinega and 
Dwina. A sketch will then follow, of the overlying red deposits in the govern- 
ments of Vologda, Kostroma, &c., showing that they are confluent with those of 
the Volga. Directing attention to similar rocks which extend into the southern 
steppes, we shall next indicate how the masses which are there highly saliferous, 
are overlaid by a peculiar and distinct fossiliferous limestone ; the survey of the 
great red basin under review being concluded with a general account of the Per- 
mian organic remains. 
