USTIUG- VELIKI— STRELNA—SUCHONA. 
177 
cavities, black flinty and quartz pebbles, &c. in a calcareous cement of brown, red 
and green colours. Such beds, in short, might represent some of the equivalents of 
the Dolomitic conglomerate in Worcestershire ; and we must allow that, after all, 
they are not unlike certain strata which in the previous chapter we have enu- 
merated as Permian. 
In our examination of these conglomerates, we could detect no fragments of 
the carboniferous limestone, which might be expected to exist in accumulations 
of posterior age. Yet here we must caution our friends who have studied the 
earth’s surface in the dislocated and elevated regions of the west only, where hard 
and crystalline rocks abound, against the adoption of such reasoning; for 
on the northern limits of this region, the greater portion of the carboniferous 
limestone is a soft and tertiary-like deposit, which, from its horizontal and un- 
broken condition, can never have afforded any quantity of solid detritus. It would, 
therefore, be unreasonable to look for fragments of it in the conglomerates which 
make part of the red deposits by which its edges are conformably overlaid. The 
great breaking up of the surface of this limestone and the transportation of its 
flints, to which we shall hereafter allude, took place long afterwards, and is con- 
nected with more recent geological phsenomena. 
The tracts around Ustiug, as laid open by the rivers Suchona, Dwina, &c., are 
all composed of sands, red and green marls, and white tufaceous limestones. 
Silicified trees, sometimes of great size, are found in the sands, and these, we 
believe, are similar in kind to those in Perm and Orenburg, to which we have 
previously alluded 1 . No copper ore, however, is associated with them. 
Sections of the Strelna and Suchona rivers. — Salt Springs of Totma, Sc . — The 
chief distinctions in the great masses of red and green marl, which are seen in 
ascending the banks of the river Suchona from Ustiug to Vologda, are thick 
bands of dull whitish, argillaceous limestone, very much resembling the bands 
which occur in the Lower New Red Sandstone, as well indeed as the cornstones of 
1 Though Ustiug is not yet a city of the first class, it seems well entitled to be so considered, both 
from its buildings, active population, fine situation, and as being the real metropolis of a vast country. 
In an instructive statistical chart of Russia, recently published by the Baron A. von Meyendorf (our com- 
panion in this portion of our tour), Ustiug is signalized as a mart of manufactures, particularly of cut- 
lery, locks, ornamental boxes, and linen woven and printed by the peasantry. In very ancient times, 
the art of enamelling upon copper seems to have been practised here, derived probably from intercourse 
with China. But we must not enlarge upon such topics in this work, however we were gratified by our 
reception in the hospitable and flourishing town of Ustiug. For all such details we refer to the highly 
useful labours of Baron A. von Meyendorf (see his new Statistical Map of Russia). 
