CHAPTER X. 
Equivalents of the Permian System in Germany and other Parts of Europe. — Analy- 
tical Review of its Animal Contents. — Permian Flora. — Close of Palaeozoic life . — 
Table of the Permian Fauna. 
In this chapter we will first give the results of our recent comparisons in Ger- 
many, and our general view of the equivalents of the Permian System in Western 
Europe, and next a detailed analysis and tabular view of its organic remains. 
Since the earlier chapters of this work were written, the visit to Germany before 
alluded to (p. x ), has led us to form a more correct view respecting those depo- 
sits of Western Europe which might be placed in parallel with the Permian system. 
We have now learnt, that the opinion which till recently prevailed, that the 
“ Rohte-todte-liegende ” formed a natural member of the carboniferous group, has 
been abandoned, and that these deposits are known to be separated from and un- 
conformable to each other. Of this fact we became convinced by visiting the 
territory around Zwickau in Saxony, and we have obtained the authority of Pro- 
fessor Naumann for adhering to it. In that tract, Captain Gutbier having largely 
collected the plants belonging to both deposits, his specimens enabled us to see, 
that the Flora of the Rohte-todte-liegende, which is there well preserved, in finely 
levigated white claystones, contains certain forms which are either identical with, 
or closely allied to, our Permian plants ; whilst among them, though they are all 
of carboniferous genera, there is not one of the characteristic species so abundant 
in the subjacent coal-field. On the other hand, though the Rohte-todte-liegeude 
is there unconformable to the coal-measures, and is distinguished by peculiar plants, 
it passes conformably upwards into the Zechstein, and thus forms a natural group 
with that deposit. 
A similarly close connexion exists in Upper Silesia. In the mountainous tracts 
which range by Waldenburg towards Glatz, a small productive coal-field is over- 
laid by a series of red sandstones, conglomerates, and shale, in the upper part of 
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