CHAPTER XIII. 
TERTIARY DEPOSITS. 
General Remarks on the Tertiary deposits of Northern Germany and their extension into 
Russia. — Division of the Tertiary rocks of Russia into three great zones : Eocene, 
Miocene , and Aralo-Caspian. — Older Tertiary or Eocene deposits on the Dniepei 
and the Volga. — Miocene Oceanic deposits of South Poland, Podolia, Bessai ulna , 
gfc. — Aralo-Caspian or brackish water Accumulations, and their enormous Eastern 
range from the borders of the Black Sea and Sea of Azof, through the Crimeea to 
the shores of the Caspian and Aral Seas, and into the high plateaux of Khwarezm 
in Asia. — More recent desiccation of the Caspian vn the Lower Steppes of the J olga 
and the Caucasus. — General Reflections on the Aralo-Caspian deposits and their 
desiccation at separate periods. — Raised Sea-Bottoms of the borth of Russia in 
the Valleys of the Dwina and Petchora. — Conclusion of Part I. 
Having endeavoured in the preceding chapter to show how the cretaceous 
rocks of Russia are linked on to certain tertiary deposits, we now proceed to 
consider the latter. Their perfect description must, however, constitute at some 
future day, an important work by other geologists, which for want of data cannot 
yet be submitted to the public. We have already explained, that our first object 
in visiting Russia, was to point out with clearness the succession of her ancient 
or Palaeozoic strata. If, in addition, we have been enabled to give general sketches 
of the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems, which in both cases are susceptible of 
countless improvements, still more must we plead our inability to do justice to the 
tertiary deposits, which are so widely spread out in the southern parts of the Russian 
empire, and of which we have ourselves examined some portions only. 
Even in those countries of Western Europe where the relative ages of each ter- 
tiary substratum are much better known, the task of fully describing them would 
be yet attended with many difficulties. Take, for example, the tertiary seiies of 
