330 
CONFORMITY OF VAGA DEPOSITS TO PERMIAN ROCKS. 
13. Astarte sulcata, Nilsson (not Venus Scoticci, De Montf.), but very near to, if not identical with, the recent 
Astarte Garensis, Auct. Scot. These specimens, which are marked A. Garensis by Mr. Smith, 
together with those marked A. elliptica by him, are positively identified with the fossil Astarte of 
the Clyde, which he also calls A. Garensis. (Dr. Beck identifies it with A. Scotica .) 
14. Astarte Damnoniensis, Lam. — Living in 55°, 56° north latitude. Among the species of Astarte submitted to 
me there is no one to which this name can properly be attached. 
15. Astaite compressa ( Venus compressa, Mont.). — Why Mr. Smith has called this A. depressa I know not, 
since it must be considered identical with our British recent Venus compressa of Montagu. These 
fossils are even closer in resemblance to the recent species than the Clyde fossils. 
16. Astarte multicostata } , Smith. 
17. Astarte depressa i , Smith.— Those shells which Mr. Smith has called^!. Damnoniensis are essentially different 
from that species, as well as from every other recent Astarte known to me. This species seems to 
me identical with the fossil named A. depressa by Mr. Smith. 
18. Natica clausa.— Recent in northern seas and fossil in the Clyde. (Fossil at Uddevalla, &c.) 
19. Buccinum undatum.— A rather slender variety. 
20. Fusus carinatus, Lam. — Same as the recent species. 
21. Balanus sulcatus, Linn. — Ranges to 54° north latitude. 
22. Nucula rostrata, Lam. nec Sow. — 65° to 54° north lat. I — These occur in Dr. Beck’s list only ’. 
23. n.s. — Recent at Spitzbergen. J 
After the opinions of such naturalists (however the identity of a species or two 
may be contested), there can, we presume, exist no doubt, that our deposits of the 
Dwina and the Vaga are analogous to those described by numerous authors as 
forming ancient raised beaches (Post -Pliocene) at different levels in the British 
Isles, Sweden, Norway, &c. 
Deposits also of a precisely similar nature occur, here and there, on the coasts 
of the Gulph ol St. Lawrence. Phey have been observed by Captain Bayfield, R.N. 
in the environs of Quebec, at heights varying from 50 to 200 feet above the sea 2 . 
Mr. Logan has followed them inland towards Montreal, where they reach an ele- 
vation of four hundred and sixty feet above the Atlantic 3 ; and it is veiy remarkable, 
that they contain very nearly the same group of shells as the deposits of the North 
of Europe, the most frequent species in both countries being Mya truncata, Saxi- 
cava rugosa, Tellina calcarea, T. Groenlandica, Mytilus edulis, Pecten Islandicus, and 
Natica clausa. The wide distribution of these Arctic shells is a most remarkable 
fact, and one from which we may infer, that if the climate was then colder than it 
is at the present day, the distribution of temperature over a large portion of the 
1 That Dr. Beck may have seen some species not examined by Mr. G. Sowerby is very probable, as 
the former was supplied with a collection from the same locality in the possession of M. E. de Ver- 
neuil, the latter by one brought to England by Mr. Murchison. 
2 Geological Proceedings, vol. iii. p. 119, and Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd ser., vol. vi. p. 135. 
' Proceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 769. 
