412 
THE TIM AN RANGE. 
being so steep that no turf adheres to it, whilst the hollows and clefts near its 
base are filled with eternal snows. In summer the summit is, however, free from 
snow, though it even then fringes the slopes in zones. 
In vain did we seek on the face of this abrupt Arctic mountain for any traces of 
striae or polishing, though every torrential streamlet on its flanks is accompanied 
by trainees of immense angular blocks, all derived from the adjacent summits ; a 
subject, to the consideration of which we shall hereafter revert, when treating of 
the transport of the detrital and superficial matter of Scandinavia and the north of 
Russia. 
Several l’anges of heights are seen to the east of Mount Sabliii, the nearest of 
which are rounded, whilst the more distant rocky and wilder peaks constitute the 
real axis of the Ural, the dominant mountain of which in this latitude, the Tol- 
pas-is, has a height of about 4500 feet above the sea. 
The carboniferous grits and shale on the flank of the Ural are overlapped by 
alluvial and incoherent argillaceous deposits, the deep ravines in which expose 
clays occupying excavations in the older rock, and containing Belemnites and 
other fossils of Jurassic form ; but before we enter upon the examination of 
these secondary strata we must introduce our readers to another range of ele- 
vations which plays so important a geological part in the great basin of the 
Petchora. 
The Timan Range . — Disconnected from the Ural in 62° north latitude by the 
depression above mentioned, and in no part rising to a greater altitude than 1000 
feet above the sea, the zone of elevations called Timan, having a width of about 
sixty versts, stretches from south-south-east to north-north-west for a length of 
not less than 500 miles, and terminates in the headlands of Svetoi-nos, Barmin- 
mis, Rumenislini and Suvoinof upon the glacial sea. Like the Ural of the Rus- 
sian miners, it forms the eastern wall or boundary of all the Permian deposits, the 
limestones and gypsum of which repose upon the western faces of its carboniferous 
and older palaeozoic rocks, and never enter into the great depression just adverted 
to, which lies between this range and the Arctic Ural. To the west of the Timan, 
great masses of gypsum occur in the upper portion of the river Vim, whilst on the 
Ukhta and Vitchegda limestones abound, which, sometimes grey and marly, some- 
times oolitic, contain characteristic Permian species, such as Productus Cancrini 
and Modiola Pallasii. 
Viewed, therefore, in its relation to the Permian deposits, and its proximity to 
