CHAPTER XX. 
SCANDINAVIAN DRIFT AND ERRATIC BLOCKS IN RUSSIA. 
General spread of a Drift from the North over the Low Countries of Russia and Ger- 
many. — Theories proposed to account for Foreign Drift. — The Russian Drift and 
Erratic Blochs described along the northern frontier of Russia. — Sho wn to have been 
distributed in trainees under the sea. — Chiefly arrested on Hills and, Elevations, and 
less abundant in Depressions. — Large Blocks most frequent on Clay, and broad low 
sandy spaces often free from them. — Character of the Drift changes in its advance 
southwards , according to the nature of the subsoil which it traverses. — Distinctions 
between the Local Materials in Russia and those of Poland and Germany. — The 
transport of the Drift from lower to higher lands shown to be impossible under ter- 
restrial conditions; and the Glacier Theory, as applied to these Regions, rejected . — 
The far Southern and South-eastern advance of the Drift into certain Depressions 
explained by reference to Bays and Promontories of a former Continent. — Erratic 
Blocks shown to have proceeded excentrically from Scandinavia and Lapland. — The 
largest and furthest-borne supposed to have been transported in Icebergs detached 
from ancient Glaciers. — The low northern Crystalline Tracts could not have deter- 
mined the advance of Glaciers over a higher Continent. — Scratched surfaces coin- 
cident with the direction of the Drift over many Low Countries of Europe. Theory 
of the Authors of this work explained, viz. that moistened masses of Drift have, 
under powerful causes of translation, operated like the Moraines of Glaciers . — 
Former Submarine condition of Russia. 
F ROM the German Ocean and Hamburg on the west to the White Sea on the 
east, a vast zone of country, having a length ot near ‘2000 miles and a width vary- 
ing from 400 to 800 miles, is more or less covered with loose detritus, including 
erratic, crystalline blocks of colossal size, the whole of which have been derived from 
