APPENDIX A. (LONSDALE ON CORALS.) 
593 
main stems ; but the chief part of the process appeared to be traversed, in the best-exposed case, by a 
simple pipe of considerable dimensions. 
Locality and Formation . — Shidrova, River Vaga. Drift from the Carboniferous limestone. 
Syringopora . — In the cabinet of M. dc Verneuil is a specimen of Syringopora, resembling in its 
manner of growth and dimensions the preceding species, but with stronger indications of internal 
furrows. On account of the silicified mode of mineralization, its characters could not be satisfactorily 
ascertained. 
Locality and Formation. Ilinsk, on the river Tchussovaya, west of the Ural Mountains. Carboniferous 
limestone. 
Catenipora labyrinthica, Goldfuss. 
Goldfuss, Petrefacta, p 75. pi. 25. fig. 5. 
Halysites labyrinthica, Fischer de Waldheim, Oryc. Gouvern. Moscou, p. 164, pi. 38. figs. 1, 2, 4. 
M. Fischer’s specimens were obtained from detritus in the neighbourhood of Moscow. 
In conformity with the suggestion of Dr. Milne Edwards, this genus is removed from the systematic posi- 
tions usually assigned to it ; but the number of furrows or incipient lamella: being clearly 12, it cannot 
be regarded as an " Alcyonien ” (Lamarck, 2nd edit. ii. p. 322), and is therefore placed in these memo- 
randa next to Syringopora, and in the 3rd family of Ehrenberg’s Zoocorallia. 
Localities and Formation . — Isle of Dago. Upper Silurian. Top of Lower Silurian, at Naissi, in Lithuania. 
CiMiTKTKs, Fischer. 
So greatly do the corals referrible to this genus resemble Favosites (Calamopora), that all the authori- 
ties, except M. Fischer, by whom palaeozoic species have been described, have considered them as belong- 
ing to it. M. Fischer, in his summary of characters, observes, that Chmtetes is distinguished from Favo- 
sites (Calamopora) by the absence in the tubes of " diaphragms,” or transverse laminse. This statement 
probably originated from an examination of specimens of Chat, radians, in which species the diaphragms 
are often very widely separated, and not unfrequently have been almost altogether removed by decompo- 
sition. In this respect, therefore, Ghsetetes does not differ from Favosites ; but it differs in the absence 
of connecting foramina, as well as in other essential structural characters. (Oryctographie, &c.,p. 159.) 
When a specimen of Favosites, retaining in part the substance of the original coral, is vertically frac- 
tured, the walls of the adjacent columns separate readily, and the exposed surfaces are clearly shown to 
present the outer side by exhibiting the irregular lines of growth, and by the total absence of any 
attached fractured edges of diaphragms. At the re-entering angles formed by the meeting of the planes 
of two adjacent columns, there may likewise be generally traced an undisturbed line of separation. In 
those cases in which mineral matter has wholly replaced the original substance of the coral, and has also 
been moulded on its structural markings, the same tendency to divide along the outer side of the walls is 
retained, the exposed surfaces equally exhibiting the irregular lines of growth and the absence of frac- 
tured diaphragms. Care, however, must be taken in those species which, like Favosites alveolaris, have 
the connecting foramina on the angles, to detect the line of separation along that junction, as the struc- 
tural inequalities are there often great, and the dividing seams in consequence concealed. In some cases 
also, an apparently perfect blending is produced by a projecting foramen being received within a corre- 
sponding opposite cavity. In all these instances, nevertheless, the exterior sides of the broad planes of 
the columns are easily parted, and their true nature may be clearly recognised. 
On the contrary, in Ghsetetes the walls of adjacent columns seem to be inseparable, or formed of inti- 
mately united laminae. In extensive sections of Chat, radians, having the interior of the tubes but slightlv 
coated with infiltered matter, not a single instance w r as discovered of the outer side of a wall. Many flat, 
