APPENDIX A. (LONSDALE ON CORALS.) 
607 
(3.) The vaulted laminae of the outer area generally sprang upwards for a short distance almost verti- 
cally, and then curved more or less rapidly towards the external wall (fig. b ). They appeared to be, in 
some cases at least, prolonged expansions of the interstitial curved plates belonging to the inner zone. 
On the under surface they exhibited no distinctive characters except numerous subdivisions near the base, 
due to the above-noticed structural connexions, and the consequent appearance of intersecting edges of 
lamella;. On the upper surface they were, in all observed cases, traversed by slightly projecting lamellae- 
like ridges of unequal strength. 
lhe characters of the terminal cups are excellently given in M. Fischer’s figure 3, plate 31. (Oryct.) 
No decided cases of gemmuliterous reproductions within the area of mature columns were noticed ; 
but there were several instances of small columns projecting irregularly above the general surface, and in 
positions which rendered it difficult to imagine, that in a still smaller or younger state, they could have 
been included within the area of the adjacent mature columns. Similar developments are very common 
in English specimens of Lithost. floriforme, and in the remarks on the Russian coral (p. 610) believed to 
belong to that species, a notice will be found of an irregular cluster of small columns united by a layer 
representing a membranous expansion of the polypes. 
Locality and Formation.— Priksha (Valdai), Government of Novogorod. Carboniferous limestone. 
Lithostrotion astroides , sp. n. 
Columns irregularly aggregated; axis not separable, no boundary wall, formed of plates conically united; inner 
zone narrow ; lamella alternately broad and rudimentary, united at the periphery by arched extensions ; 
interstitial plates numerous, horizontal, connected with lamina; composing the axis ; outer zone arched 
vesicular plates intersected throughout by attenuated lamella:; walls broadly ribbed; terminal star, boss 
prominent, spirally twisted, connected at base with interstitial plates ; surrounding depression traversed 
by lamella of inner zone; upper band or outer area more or less inclined, wholly crossed by lamelliferous 
plates with numerous small convex laminae. 
Fig. a represents a weathered portion of the coral, natural size. 
Fig. b exhibits part of the interior free from matrix, natural size. 
Fig. c. Magnified portion of inner zone from near the asterisk in fig. b. 
Though clearly shown in weathered portions (* t fig- a ) to he composed of an axis surrounded by an 
inner, circular zone, and of an outer area of diverging, feather-like plates, yet a recently exposed section, 
including many adjacent columns, presented such a perfect structural blending, that without the assistance 
of the former it would have been almost impossible to have detected the generic characters, or to have 
avoided considering the fossil as an Astrea. The upper surface of the specimen (fig. a), which exhibited 
several perfect stars, resembled greatly that of Lithost. mammillare, and the composition of the axis agreed 
4 x 2 
