618 
APPENDIX A. (LONSDALE ON CORALS.) 
therefore it may be doubted, if there be a generic agreement ; nevertheless, as it is possible for a Caninia 
to be so reduced externally by weathering that it might present the aspect of the figure above quoted ; 
and as the mature fossil under consideration would, if similarly reduced, afford analogous appearances, it 
has been considered better to adopt doubtfully M. Fischer’s name than to propose decisively a new one. 
Three fragments imbedded in the Fusulina limestone of Velikovo were referred to this species, the dif- 
ferences which were noticed in the component structures being considered due to variable conditions 
dependent upon age and mode of growth. The largest specimen (PI. A. fig. 6), about one inch and a 
half in length and one in breadth at the upper extremity, was so greatly bent, that the lamellae and dia- 
phragms were completely distorted, and no siphon-folds could be detected. This specimen, nevertheless, 
was highly interesting, as it exhibited an important structural change due to different states of develop- 
ment. In the upper part the three areas were fully shown, they appeared also further down, but with 
the versicular much diminished, and in the lowest exposed portion only two were visible, or the central 
with the diaphragms, and the intermediate with the vertical lamellae crossed by transversely waved plates. 
In this bi-areal state, however, Caninice may be easily distinguished from Cyathophylla by the absence in 
the lamelliferous zone of all vesicular lamina;. 
In the second fragment (figs. 6 a, 6 b ), which was merely a bi-areal segment five lines in length and 
breadth, the characters, to the extent preserved, were better exposed than in the larger specimen, the cur- 
vature being slight. The bi-plated lamella; were thick and simple in character, with ample interspaces, 
and their inner margins projected prominently between the diaphragms. The siphon-folds were also well- 
exhibited, penetrating obliquely into the lamelliferous zone. 
The third fragment (fig. 6 c), imbedded in the same matrix as the second, and possibly a portion of it, 
afforded an additional important change dependent upon growth. It was a baseal termination, conical, 
and slightly bent ; about one inch in length, and half an inch in its greatest diameter. At the upper 
part the exterior was not fully preserved, but about the centre of the fractured termination was a small 
perforation, or pipe (fig. 6 d), which descended obliquely and was surrounded by several concentric laminae, 
occupying apparently the whole of the area. The outer zone immediately surrounding this structure 
(fig. 6 c) was composed of thick lamella; obscurely bi-plated, but slightly grooved externally ; and, 
though almost in close contact, their sides were faintly marked by waved interstitial lamina;. A little 
lower, and thence to the base, the central area was contracted to an ill-defined interval, more or less oc- 
cupied by the irregular edges of the lamella; ; but the outer zone preserved the characters of the upper 
part. The inferior terminations of the lamella; were peculiar, and, if rightly understood, of great interest 
in an attempt to investigate the characters of the genus. They were clearly rounded and smooth 
(fig. 6 c), but not from abrasion, and they exhibited not the least trace of having been attached, leading 
therefore, to the inference that at one period at least the coral was free. 
M. de Koninck, in his remarks on the genus, details a series of changes in the characters of the siphon 
analogous to those noticed in the second and third specimens ; and he states still further, that he has not 
rarely met with two modifications, a central cone, and a species of lateral siphon, " sur la meme cloison 
Locality and Formation. — Velikovo, between Vladimir and Kovrof. Upper Carboniferous limestone. 
In another specimen of limestone from the same locality was also a fragment of the bi-areal and baseal 
portions of a Caninia, but deserving of notice on account of the additional evidence it afforded of curious 
irregularities of development. It was one inch and a half in length, nine lines in diameter at the upper 
extremity, and four at the lower. The central area presented a depressed cone, composed of diaphragms 
so highly contorted and intermingled with lamellae, that the component structures could not be separated 
* 
Op. cit. on the structure of Cyathophyllum, p. 21. 
