Muto et al.: Genetic and morphological differences between Sebastes vulpes and 5. zonatus 
433 
Figure 4 
Minimum spanning network of mitochondrial DNA sequence haplotypes of Sebastes 
vulpes (filled circles) and S. zonatus (open circles). Each circle represents a unique 
haplotype (size proportional to number of specimens). The arrow indicates the specimen 
initially identified as S. vulpes by body coloration but genetically assigned to S. zona- 
tus in the principal coordinate analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms. 
Black dots along branches represent nucleotide changes. The two species shared two 
haplotypes and did not exhibit clear separation in the network. 
In the PCA, seven specimens were elimi- 
nated because they lacked one or more mea- 
surements, such as dorsal-fin spine length and 
anal-fin spine length. Nevertheless, plots of 
the PCA scores revealed marked differences 
between S. vulpes and S. zonatus. The first 
principal component (PCI) accounted for 87.5% 
of the variations. Because all loadings were 
negative, PCI was considered a size compo- 
nent. PCs 2 and 3 were shape components, 
with both positive and negative loadings, and 
together accounted for an additional 4.9% of 
variation. These components were then visu- 
ally assessed as dimensions of shape (Fig. 5). 
PC2 was heavily loaded on body width, 1st 
anal-fin spine length and 2nd anal-fin spine 
length (Table 2), providing separation between 
S. vulpes and S. zonatus with a narrow over- 
lap. PC3 was heavily loaded on orbit length, 
prepelvic length, and 1st dorsal-fin spine 
length (Table 2), with the clusters of the two 
species broadly overlapping along PC3. 
The results of countable characters are 
shown in Table 3. Sebastes vulpes had fewer 
gill rakers than S. zonatus. Counts of dor- 
sal-fin spines without basal scales also dif- 
fered significantly between S. vulpes and S. 
zonatus, as did the frequencies of specimens 
with small scales on the lower jaw (0.16 and 
0.82, respectively). Other countable charac- 
ters did not differ significantly between the 
species. 
1 1 1 1 1 1 
-3-2-10 1 2 3 
PC2 (3.4%) 
Figure 5 
Plots of principal component (PC) scores based on 31 measurements 
for Sebastes vulpes (filled circles) and S. zonatus (open squares). 
The open star indicates one of the two specimens (FAKU 82515) 
initially identified as S. vulpes by body coloration but genetically 
assigned to S. zonatus in the principal coordinate analysis of 
amplified fragment length polymorphisms (FAKU 130236 was 
removed from analysis because it lacked a measurement for gill 
raker length). The two species were separated with a narrow 
overlap along the PC2 axis, the primary shape component. 
