Muto et al.: Genetic and morphological differences between Sebastes vulpes and S. zonatus 
435 
Table 2 
Factor loadings for principal component (PC) analysis of measurements of Sebastes vulpes and S. zonatus in specimens examined 
with all characters available for multivariate analysis. 
PCI 
PC2 
PC3 
Standard length 
-0.9895 
-0.1027 
0.0409 
Head length 
-0.9852 
-0.1065 
0.0703 
Snout length 
-0.9128 
-0.2459 
0.0786 
Orbit length 
-0.8875 
0.1683 
0.2684 
Interorbital width 
-0.9700 
-0.0066 
-0.0215 
Postorbital length 
-0.9800 
-0.0695 
0.0980 
Upper jaw length 
-0.9783 
-0.1367 
0.0339 
Body depth 1 
-0.9768 
-0.1375 
-0.0715 
Body depth 2 
-0.9727 
-0.0285 
-0.0632 
Body width 
-0.8952 
-0.3316 
-0.1898 
Caudal peduncle depth 
-0.9615 
-0.1364 
-0.0182 
Upper peduncle length 
-0.9401 
-0.1069 
0.0622 
Lower peduncle length 
-0.9446 
-0.0344 
-0.0497 
Pectoral-fin length 
-0.9686 
0.0310 
-0.0073 
Pelvic-fin length 
-0.9768 
0.0100 
-0.0085 
Dorsal-fin base length 
-0.9792 
-0.0444 
0.1357 
Spinous dorsal-fin 
-0.9644 
-0.0373 
0.1107 
base length 
PCI 
PC2 
PC3 
Soft dorsal-fin 
-0.9445 
-0.0692 
0.1436 
base length 
Preanal length 
-0.9567 
-0.1952 
-0.0632 
Predorsal length 
-0.9725 
-0.0474 
0.1441 
Prepelvic length 
-0.9080 
-0.2030 
-0.2424 
Anal-fin base length 
-0.9390 
-0.0077 
-0.1620 
Pelvic-to-anal-fin length 
-0.8711 
-0.1179 
0.2136 
1st dorsal-fin spine 
-0.8878 
0.2150 
-0.2948 
length 
2nd dorsal-fin spine 
-0.9371 
0.1776 
-0.0960 
length 
3rd dorsal-fin spine 
-0.9357 
0.2025 
-0.0797 
length 
1st anal-fin spine length 
-0.8194 
0.3814 
0.0470 
2nd anal-fin spine length 
-0.8001 
0.4780 
0.0565 
3rd anal-fin spine length 
-0.9116 
0.2521 
-0.0827 
Pelvic-fin spine length 
-0.9467 
0.2192 
-0.0177 
Gill raker length 
-0.8520 
0.1947 
-0.0462 
Table 3 
Distributions of countable characters in Sebastes vulpes and S. zonatus. Superscripts a and b indicate the counts of the two speci- 
mens initially identified as S. vulpes by body coloration but genetically assigned to S. zonatus (FAKU 82515 and FAKU 130236, 
respectively). 
Species 
Dorsal-fin 
rays 
Anal-fin 
rays 
Pectoral-fin 
rays (total) 
Pectoral-fin rays 
(unbranched) 
n 
12 
13 
5 
6 
7 16 17 
18 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
S. vulpes 
19 
18 
_ 
36 
1 5 31 
1 
1 

11 
22 
3 

37 
S. zonatus 
9 
igo.6 
1 
26 a - 6 
1 _ 24 a ' b 
4 
— 
1 
4 
Yl b 
5“ 
1 
28 
Pored lateral line scales 
Gill rakers 
Species 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 33 34 
35 
36 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 n 
S. vulpes 

1 
7 
8 
12 8 1 


2 
9 
22 
4 

— 37 
S. zonatus 
1 
— 
4 
5 
6°’ 6 5 5 
1 
1 
— 
1 
90,6 
9 
8 
1 28 
Dorsal-fin spines without basal scales 
Species 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 6 7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
n 
S. vulpes 
3 
_ 
1 
1 
1 3 3 
3 
9 
4 

5 
33 
S. zonatus 
21 
1* 
2 
1 
1 
1 
— 
— 
1 “ 
— 
28 
vulpes and S. zonatus was also indicated by the pairwise 
@ ST value based on mtDNA sequence variation although 
the MSN inferred from the mtDNA sequences did not 
clearly separate the two species and therefore indicated 
incomplete lineage sorting in mtDNA due to their recent 
speciation and the occurrence of introgression between 
them, or both (see below). 
The difference in depth ranges between S. vulpes and 
S. zonatus also adds support to the recognition of two 
species. In the general sampling area, the different fish- 
