Fernandez-Carvalho et al.: Age and growth of Alopias superciliosus in the Atlantic Ocean 
481 
Hamady, L. L., L. J. Natanson, G. B. Skomal, and S. R. 
Thorrold. 
2014. Vertebral bomb radiocarbon suggests extreme lon- 
gevity in white sharks. PLoS ONE 9(l):e84006. 
Hoening, J. M., M. J. Morgan, and C. A. Brown. 
1995. Analysing differences between two age determina- 
tion methods by tests of symmetry. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. 
Sci. 52:364-368. e 
Katsanevakis, S. 
2006. Modelling fish growth: model selection, multi-model 
inference and model selection uncertainty. Fish. Res. 
81:229-235. 
Kimura, D. K. 
1980. Likelihood methods for the von Bertalanffy growth 
curve. Fish. Bull. 77:765-773. 
Liu, K.-M., P.-J. Chiang, and C.-T. Chen. 
1998. Age and growth estimates of the bigeye thresher 
shark, Alopias superciliosus, in northeastern Taiwan wa- 
ters. Fish. Bull. 96: 482-491. 
Liu, K.-M., C.-T. Chen, T.-H. Liao, and S.-J. Joung. 
1999. Age, growth, and reproduction of the pelagic thresh- 
er shark, Alopias pelagicus in the northwestern Pacif- 
ic. Copeia 1999:68-74. 
Mancini, P. L. 
2005. Estudo Biologico-pesqueiro do tubarao-raposa, Alo- 
pias superciliosus (Lamniformes, Alopiidae) capturado no 
sudeste-sul do Brasil. M.S. thesis, 195 p., Sao Paulo 
State Univ., Sao Paulo, Brazil. 
Megalofonou, P., C. Yannopoulos, D. Damalas, G. De Metrio, M. 
Deflorio, J. M. de la Serna, and D. Macias. 
2005. Incidental catch and estimated discards of pelagic 
sharks from the swordfish and tuna fisheries in the Med- 
iterranean Sea. Fish. Bull. 103:620-634. 
Mejuto, J., B. Garci'a-Cortes, A. Ramos-Cartelle, and J. M. 
Serna. 
2009. Scientific estimations of by-catch landed by the 
Spanish surface longline fleet targeting swordfish (Xi- 
phias gladius ) in the Atlantic Ocean with special refer- 
ence to the years 2005 and 2006. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. 
ICCAT 64:2455-2468. 
Moreno, J. A., and J. Moron. 
1992. Reproductive biology of the bigeye thresher shark, 
Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839). Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. 
Res. 43:77-86. 
Moura, T., I. Figueiredo, I. Farias, B. Serra-Pereira, R. Coelho, 
K. Erzini, A. Neves, and L. S. Gordo. 
2007. The use of caudal thorns for ageing Raja undulata 
from the Portuguese continental shelf, with comments on 
its reproductive cycle. Mar. Freshw. Res. 58:983-992. 
Nakano, H., H. Matsunaga, H. Okamoto, and M. Okazaki. 
2003. Acoustic tracking of bigeye thresher shark Alopias 
superciliosus in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Mar. Ecol. 
Prog. Ser. 265:255-261. 
Natanson, L. J., J. J. Mello, and S. E. Campana. 
2002. Validated age and growth of the porbeagle 
shark (Lamna nasus) in the western North Atlantic 
Ocean. Fish. Bull. 100:266-278. 
Natanson, L. J., N. E. Kohler, D. Ardizzone, G. M. Cailliet, S. 
P. Wintner, and H. F. Mollet. 
2006. Validated age and growth estimates for the short- 
fin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the North Atlantic 
Ocean. Environ. Biol. Fish. 77:367-383. 
Nelson ,G. A. 
2013. fishmethods: fishery science methods and models 
in R. R package, vers. 1.5-0. [Available at website, ac- 
cessed February 2014.] 
Pardo, S. A., A. B. Cooper, and N. K. Dulvy. 
2013. Avoiding fishy growth curves. Methods Ecol. Evol. 
4:353-360. 
Passerotti, M. S., A. H. Andrews, J. K. Carlson, S. P. Wintner, 
K. J. Goldman, and L. J. Natanson. 
2014. Maximum age and missing time in the vertebrae 
of sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus ): validated lifes- 
pan from bomb radiocarbon dating in the western North 
Atlantic and southwestern Indian Ocean. Mar. Freshw. 
Res. 65:674-687. 
Piercy, A. N., J. K. Carlson, J. A. Sulikowski, and G. H. Burgess. 
2007. Age and growth of the scalloped hammerhead 
shark, Sphyrna lewini, in the north-west Atlantic Ocean 
and Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Freshw. Res 58:34-40. 
Pikitch, E. K., M. D. Camhi, and E. A. Babcock. 
2008. Introduction to sharks of the open ocean. In 
Sharks of the open ocean: biology, fisheries and conser- 
vation (M. D. Camhi, E. K. Pikitch, and E. A. Babcock, 
eds.), p. 3-13. Blackwell Publ., Oxford, UK. 
R Core Team. 
2013. R: a language and environment for statistical com- 
puting. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 
Austria. [Available at website, accessed May 2013.] 
Richards, F. J. 
1959. A flexible growth function for empirical use. J. 
Exp. Bot. 10:290-301 
Ricker, W. E. 
1975. Computation and interpretation of biological sta- 
tistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Board Can., Bull. 
191, 382 p. 
Ridewood, W. G. 
1921. On the calcification of the vertebral centra in sharks 
and rays. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, 210:311- 
407. 
Smith, S. E., D. W. Au, and C. Show. 
1998. Intrinsic rebound potentials of 26 species of Pacific 
sharks. Mar. Freshw. Res. 49:663-678. 
Smith, S. E., R. C. Rasmussen, D. A. Ramon, and G. M. Cailliet. 
2008. The biology and ecology of thresher sharks (Alo- 
piidae). In Sharks of the open ocean: biology, fisheries 
and conservation (M. D. Camhi, E. K. Pikitch, and E. A. 
Babcock, eds.), p. 60-68. Blackwell Publ., Oxford, UK. 
Stillwell, C. E., and J. G. Casey. 
1976. Observations on the bigeye thresher shark, Alopias 
superciliosus, in the western North Atlantic. Fish. Bull. 
74:221-225. 
Weng, K. C., and B. A. Block. 
2004. Diel vertical migration of the bigeye thresher shark 
( Alopias superciliosus), a species possessing orbital retia 
mirabilia. Fish. Bull. 102:221-229. 
Wickham, H. 
2009. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis, 213 
p. Springer- Verlag, New York. 
Wintner, S. P, and G. Cliff. 
1999. Age and growth determination of the white shark, 
Carcharodon carcharias, from the east coast of South Af- 
rica. Fish. Bull. 97:153-169. 
