Marancik et al.: Spatial and temporal distribution of grouper larvae in the Gulf of Mexico and Straits of Florida 
19 
Hare, J. A., and R. K. Cowen. 
1996. Transport mechanisms of larval and pelagic juve- 
nile bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix ) from South Atlantic 
Bight spawning grounds to Middle Atlantic Bight nursery 
habitats. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:1264-1280. 
Hare, J. A., and H. J. Walsh. 
2007. Planktonic linkages among marine protected areas 
on the south Florida and southeast United States conti- 
nental shelves. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64:1234-1247. 
Hastie, T. J., and R. J. Tibshirani. 
1990. Generalized additive models. Monographs on sta- 
tistics and applied probability 43, 335 p. Chapman 
and Hall, Boca Raton, FL. 
Heemstra, P. C., and J. E. Randall. 
1993. FAO species catalogue. Groupers of the world 
(Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae): An anno- 
tated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, 
hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date, 
382 p. FAO Fish. Synop. 125, vol. 16. FAO, Rome. 
Hernandez, F. J., S. P. Powers, and W. M. Graham. 
2010. Seasonal variability in ichthyoplankton abundance 
and assemblage composition in the northern Gulf of 
Mexico off Alabama. Fish. Bull. 108:193-207. 
Hood, P. B., and R. A. Schlieder. 
1992. Age, growth, and reproduction of gag, Mycteroperca 
microlepis (Pisces: Serranidae), in the eastern Gulf of 
Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. 51:337-352. 
Houde, E. D. 
1982. Kinds, distributions and abundances of sea bass 
larvae (Pisces: Serranidae) from the eastern Gulf of 
Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32:511-522. 
Johnson, A. K., P. Thomas, and R. R. Wilson Jr. 
1998. Seasonal cycles of gonadal development and plasma 
sex steroid levels in Epinephelus morio, a protogynous 
grouper in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. J. Fish Biol. 
52:502-518. 
Koenig, C. C., F. C. Coleman, L. A. Collins, Y. Sadovy, and P. L. 
Colin. 
1996. Reproduction of gag ( Mycteroperca microlepis ) 
(Pisces: Serranidae) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and 
the consequences of fishing spawning aggregations. 
Biology, fisheries and culture of tropical groupers and 
snappers. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 48:307-323. 
Leu, M-Y, C-H. Liou, and L-S Fang. 
2005. Embryonic and larval development of the Mala- 
bar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus (Pisces: Serrani- 
dae). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 85:1249-1254. 
Lindemann, K. C., R. Pugliese, G. T. Waugh, and J. S. Ault. 
2000. Developmental patterns within a multispecies 
reef fishery: management applications for essential fish 
habitats and protected areas. Bull. Mar. Sci. 66:929- 
956. 
Llopiz, J. K., and R. K. Cowen. 
2008. Precocious, selective and successful feeding of 
larval billfishes in the oceanic Straits of Florida. Mar. 
Ecoi. Prog. Ser. 358:231-244. 
Lyczkowski- Shultz, J., and D. S. Hanisko. 
2007. A time series of observations on red snapper larvae 
from SEAMAP surveys, 1982-2003: seasonal occur- 
rence, distribution, abundance, and size. Am. Fish. 
Soc. Symp. 60:3-23. 
Manooch, C. S., III. 
1987. Age and growth of snappers and groupers. In 
Tropical snappers and groupers: biology and fisheries 
management (J. J. Polovina and S. Ralston, eds.), p. 
329-373. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 
Marancik, K. E., L. M. Clough, and J. A. Hare. 
2005. Cross-shelf and seasonal variation in larval fish 
assemblages on the southeast United States continental 
shelf off the coast of Georgia. Fish. Bull. 103:108- 
129. 
Marancik, K. E., D. E. Richardson, J. Lyczkowski-Shuitz, M. 
Konieczna, and R. K. Cowen. 
2010. Evaluation of morphological characters to identify 
grouper (Serranidae: Epinephelini) larvae in the Gulf 
of Mexico using genetically identified specimens. Bull. 
Mar. Sci. 86:1-54. 
Moser, H. G. 
1996. Introduction. In The early stages of fishes in 
the California Current region (H. G. Moser ed.), p. 
31-36. CalCOFI Atlas 33. 
Muhling, B. A., J. T. Lamkin, and M. A. Roffer. 
2010. Predicting the occurrence of Atlantic bluefin tuna 
( Thunnus thynnus ) larvae in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 
building a classification model from archival data. Fish. 
Oceanogr. 19:526-539. 
Nagelkerken, I., K. Vermonden, O. C. C. Moraes, A. O. Debrot, 
and W. P. Nagelkerken. 
2005. Changes in coral reef communities and an 
associated reef fish species, Cephalopholis cruentata 
(Lacepede), after 30 years on Curacao (Netherlands 
Antilles). Hydrobiologia 549:145-154. 
Nemeth, R. S. 
2005. Population characteristics of a recovering US Virgin 
Islands red hind spawning aggregation following protec- 
tion. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 286:81-97. 
Nemeth, R. S., J. Blondeau, S. Herzlieb, and E. Kadison. 
2007. Spatial and temporal patterns of movement and 
migration at spawning aggregations of red hind, Epi- 
nephelus guttatus , in the U. S. Virgin Islands. Environ. 
Biol. Fishes 78:365-381. 
Parker, R. O., and R. L. Dixon. 
1998. Changes in a North Carolina reef fish community 
after 15 years of intense fishing - Global warming impli- 
cations. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 127:908-920. 
Porch, C. E. 
1998. Numerical study of larval fish retention along 
the southeast Florida coast. Ecol. Model. 109:35-59. 
R Development Core Team. 
2008. R: a language and environment for statistical com- 
puting. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. 
Richards, W. J., C. C. Baldwin, and A. Ropke. 
2005. Serranidae: sea basses. In Early stages of Atlantic 
fishes: an identification guide for western central North 
Atlantic, vol. I (W. J. Richards, ed.), p 1225-1331. CRC 
Marine Biology Series, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 
Richardson, D. E., R. K. Cowen, E. D. Prince, and S. Sponaugle. 
2009. Importance of the Straits of Florida spawning 
ground to Atlantic sailfish ( Istiophorus platypterus) 
and blue marlin ( Makaira nigricans). Fish. Oceanogr. 
18:402-418. 
Richardson, D. E., J. K. Llopiz, C. M. Guigand, and R. K. Cowen. 
2010. Larval assemblages of large and medium-sized 
pelagic species in the Straits of Florida. Prog. Ocean- 
ogr. 86:8-20. 
Richardson, D. E., J. D. Vanwye, A. M. Exum, R. K. Cowen, and 
D. L. Crawford. 
2007. High-throughput species identification: from DNA 
isolation to bioinformatics. Mol. Ecol. Notes 7:199-207. 
Ross, S. W., and M. L. Moser. 
1995. Life history of juvenile gag, Mycteroperca microlepis , 
in North Carolina estuaries. Bull. Mar. Sci. 56:222-237. 
