Caldarone et at: Nonlethal techniques for estimating responses of postsmolt Salmo solar to food availability 
269 
age to climate and climate change. Prog. Oceanogr. 
49:423-437. 
Bendiksen, E. A., A. M. Arnesen, and M. Jobling. 
2003. Effects of dietary fatty acid profile and fat con- 
tent on smelting and seawater performance in Atlantic 
salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 225:149-163. 
Black, D., and R. M. Love. 
1986. The sequential mobilisation and restoration of 
energy reserves in tissues of Atlantic cod during starva- 
tion and refeeding. J. Comp. Physiol. B. 156:469-479. 
Bosworth, B. G., and W. R. Wolters. 
2001 Evaluation of bioelectric impedance to predict car- 
cass yield, carcass composition, and fillet composition in 
farm-raised catfish. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 32:72-78. 
Breck, J. E. 
2008. Enhancing bioenergetics models to account for 
dynamic changes in fish body composition and energy 
density. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 137:340-356. 
Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 
2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a 
practical information-theoretic approach, 2 nd ed., 488 
p. Springer Science + Business Media, LLC, New York. 
Busacker, G. P., I. R. Adelman, and E. M. Goolish. 
1990. Growth. In Methods for fish biology (C. B. Schreck 
and P. B. Moyle, eds.), p. 363-387. Am. Fish. Soc., 
Bethesda, MD. 
Chambers, R. C., and T. J. Miller. 
1995. Evaluating fish growth by means of otolith incre- 
ment analysis: special properties of individual-level lon- 
gitudinal data. In Recent developments in fish otolith 
research (D. Secor, J. Dean, and S. Campana, eds.), p. 
155-174. Univ. South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC. 
Chumlea, W. C., S. S. Guo, R. J. Kuczmarksi, K. M. Glegal, C. L. 
Johnson, S. B Heymsfield., H. C. Lukaski, K. Friedl, and V. S. 
Hubbard. 
2002. Body composition estimated from NHANES III bio- 
electrical impedance data. Int. J. Obesity 26:1596-1609. 
Cox, M. K., and K. J. Hartman. 
2005. Nonlethal estimation of proximate composition in 
fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62:269-275. 
Cox, M. K., and R. Heintz. 
2009. Electrical phase angle as a new method to measure 
fish condition. Fish. Bull. 107:477-487. 
Craig, J. K., B. J. Burke, L. B. Crowder, and J. A. Rice. 
2006. Prey growth and size-dependent predation in juve- 
nile estuarine fishes: experimental and model analy- 
ses. Ecology 87:2366-2377. 
Federal Register. 
2009. Endangered and threatened species: determination 
of endangered status for the Gulf of Maine Distinct Popu- 
lation Segment of Atlantic salmon; notice. Vol. 74, no. 
117, June 19, p. 69459-69483. GPO, Washington, D.C. 
Folch, J., M. Lees, and G. H. Sloane-Stanley. 
1957. A simple method for the isolation and purifica- 
tion of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 
226:497-509. 
Fonseca, V. F., and H. N. Cabral. 
2007. Are fish early growth and condition patterns 
related to life-history strategies? Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 
17:545-564. 
Handeland, S. O., A. Berge, B. Th. Bjornsson, 0. Lie, and S. O. 
Stefansson. 
2000. Seawater adaptation by out-of-season Atlantic 
salmon ( Salmo salar L.) smolts at different tempera- 
tures. Aquaculture 181:377-396. 
Hanson, K. C., K. G. Ostrand, A. L. Gannam, and S. L. Ostrand. 
2010. Comparison and validation of nonlethal techniques 
for estimating condition in juvenile salmon. Trans. 
Am. Fish. Soc. 139:1733-1741. 
Hartman, K. J., B. A. Phelan, and J. E. Rosendale. 
2011. Temperature effects on bioelectrical impedance 
analysis (BIA) used to estimate dry weight as a condition 
proxy in coastal bluefish. Mar. Coast. Fish. 3:307- 
316. 
Jobling, M. 
2001. Nutrient partitioning and the influence of feed 
composition on body composition. In Food intake in 
fish (D. Houlihan, T. Boujard, and M. Jobling, eds.), 
p. 354-375. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, U K. 
Jobling, M., B. Andreassen, A. V. Larsen, and R. L. Olsen. 
2002. Fat dynamics of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 
L. smolt during early seawater growth. Aquat. Res. 
33:739-745. 
Jones, D. B. 
1931. Factors for converting percentages of nitrogen in 
foods and feeds into percentages of proteins. U.S. Dep. 
Agr. Circ. 183(1). 
Love, R. M. 
1970. The chemical biology of fishes, 547 p. Academic 
Press, Inc., New York, NY. 
Lukaski, H. D., P. E. Johnson, W. W. Bolonchuk, and F. I. Lykken. 
1985. Assessment of fat-free mass using bioelectrical 
impedance measurements of the human body. Am. J. 
Clin. Nutr. 41:810-817. 
Lundvall, D, R. Svanback, L. Persson, and P. Bystrom. 
1999. Size-dependent predation in piscivores: interac- 
tions between predator foraging and prey avoidance 
abilities. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56:1285-1292. 
MacLean, S. M., E. M. Caldarone, and J. M. St. Onge-Burns. 
2008. Estimating recent growth rates of Atlantic salmon 
smolts using RNA-DNA ratios from nonlethally sampled 
tissues. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 137:1279-1284. 
Marchello, M. J., and W. D. Slanger. 
1994. Bioelectrical impedance can predict skeletal muscle 
and fat-free skeletal muscle of beef cows and their car- 
casses. J. Anim. Sci. 72:3118-3123. 
Metcalfe, N. B. 
1998. The interaction between behavior and physiol- 
ogy in determining life history patterns in Atlantic 
salmon ( Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55 
(suppl. 1 ) : 93—103. 
O’Connor, K. I., A. C. Taylor, and N. B. Metcalfe. 
2000. The stability of standard metabolic rate during a 
period of food deprivation in juvenile Atlantic salmon. J. 
Fish. Biol. 57:41-51. 
Perez, K. O., and S. B. Munch. 
2010. Extreme selection on size in the early lives of 
fish. Evolution 64:2450-2457. 
Pothoven, S. A., S. A. Ludsin, T. O. Hook, D. L. Fanslow, D. M. 
Mason, P. D. Collingsworth, and J. J. Van Tassell. 
2008. Reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis 
for estimating whole-fish energy density and percent 
lipids. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 137:1519-1529. 
Ricker, W. E. 
1975. Computation and interpretation of biological sta- 
tistics of fish populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 
191:1-382. 
1979. Growth rates and models. In Fish physiology, 
vol. 8 (W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall, and J. R. Brett, eds), 
p. 677-743. Academic Press, New York, NY. 
