120 
Fishery Bulletin 111(2) 
The research described in this article was developed 
by the author, an employee of the U.S. Environmen- 
tal Protection Agency (EPA), on his own time. This re- 
search was conducted independent of EPA employment, 
and has not been subjected to the Agency’s peer and 
administrative review. Therefore, the conclusions and 
opinions drawn are solely those of the author and are 
not necessarily the views of the EPA. 
Literature cited 
Arkema, K. K., S. C. Abramson, and B. M. Dewsbury. 
2006. Marine ecosystem-based management: from char- 
acterization to implementation. Front. Ecol. Environ. 
10:525-532. 
Barnes, C., S. Jennings, N. V. C. Polunin, and J. E. Lancaster. 
2008. The importance of quantifying inherent variability 
when interpreting stable isotope field data. Oecologia 
155:227-235. 
Bligh, E. G., and W. J. Dyer. 
1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and puri- 
fication. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:911-917. 
Bolnick, D. I., R. Svanback, J. A. Fordyce, L. H. Yang, J. M. 
Davis, C. D. Hulsey, and M. L. Forister. 
2003. The ecology of individuals: incidence and implica- 
tions of individual specialization. Am. Nat. 161:1-28. 
Brodziak, J., and J. Link. 
2002. Ecosystem-based fishery management: what is it 
and how can we do it? Bull. Mar. Sci. 70:589-611. 
Christensen, N. L., A. M. Bartuska, J. H. Brown, S. R. Carpen- 
ter, C. D'Antonio, R. C. Francis, J. F. Franklin, J. A. MacMa- 
hon, R. F. Noss, D. J. Parsons, C. H. Peterson, M. G. Turner, 
and R. G. Woodmansee. 
1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America 
committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem manage- 
ment. Ecol. Appl. 6:665-691. 
Christensen, V., and D. Pauly. 
2004. Placing fisheries in their ecosystem context, an in- 
troduction. Ecol. Model. 172:103-107. 
Dame, J. K., and R. R. Christian. 
2006. Uncertainty and the use of network analysis for 
ecosystem-based management. Fisheries 31:331-341. 
Deniro, M. J., and S. Epstein. 
1977. Mechanism for carbon isotope fractionation associ- 
ated with lipid synthesis. Science 197:261-263. 
Fulford, R. S., and J. R. Hendon. 
2010. Evaluating management actions for spotted 
seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, in Mississippi with an 
age-structured projection model. Gulf Caribb. Res. 
22:51-61. 
Hendon, J. R., J. R. Warren, J. S. Franks, and M. V. Buchanan. 
2002. Movements of spotted seatrout ( Cynoscion nebulo- 
sus) in Mississippi coastal waters based on tag-recap- 
ture. Gulf Mex. Sci. 20:91-97. 
Herzka, S. Z. 
2005. Assessing connectivity of estuarine fishes based on 
stable isotope ratio analysis. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 
64:58-69. 
Hoese, H. D., and R. H. Moore. 
1977. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, and 
adjacent waters, 327 p. Texas A&M Univ. Press, Col- 
lege Station, TX. 
Matthews, B., and A. Mazumder. 
2004. A critical evaluation of intrapopulation variation 
of 5 13 C and isotopic evidence of individual specializa- 
tion. Oecologia 140:361-371. 
Moncreiff, C. A., and M. J. Sullivan. 
2001. Trophic importance of epiphytic algae in subtropi- 
cal seagrass beds: evidence from multiple stable isotope 
analyses. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 215:93-106. 
NRC (National Research Council). 
1999. Sustaining marine fisheries, 184 p. National 
Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 
Perga, M. E., and D. Gerdeaux. 
2005. 'Are fish what they eat’ all year round? Oecologia 
144:598-606. 
Peterson, B. J., and B. Fry. 
1987. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annu. Rev. 
Ecol. Sys. 18:293-320. 
Pinnegar, J. K., and N. V. C. Polunin. 
1999. Differential fractionation of 8 13 C and 5 15 N among 
fish tissues: implications for the study of trophic inter- 
actions. Funct. Ecol. 13:225-231. 
Post, D. M. 
2002. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic posi- 
tion: models, methods, and assumptions. Ecology 
83:703-718. 
Power, M., G. Power, F. Caron, R. R. Doucett, and K. R. A. 
Guiguer. 
2002. Growth and dietary niche in Saluelinus alpinus 
and Saluelinus fontmalis as revealed by stable isotope 
analysis. Environ. Biol. Fishes 64:75-85. 
Quan, W., C. Fu, B. Jin, Y. Luo, B. Li, J. Chen, and J. Wu. 
2007. Tidal marshes as energy sources for commercially 
important nektonic organisms: stable isotope analysis. 
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 352:89-99. 
Quevedo, M., R. Svanback, and P. Ekloav. 
2009. Intrapopulation niche partitioning in a gener- 
alist predator limits food web connectivity. Ecology 
90:2263-2274. 
Rooker, J. R., J. P. Turner, and S. A. Holt. 
2006. Trophic ecology of Sargassum -associated fishes 
in the Gulf of Mexico determined from stable isotope 
analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 313:249-259. 
Ruiz, N., N. Dubois, G. Wielgosz-Collin, T. R. duPont, J. P. 
Berge, Y. F. Pouchus, and G. Barnathan. 
2007. Lipid content and fatty acid composition of a 
marine-derived Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain 
cultured by agar surface and submerged fermentation. 
Process Biochem. 42:676-680. 
Sullivan, M. J., and C. A. Moncreiff. 
1990. Edaphic algae are an important component of salt 
marsh food-webs: evidence from a multiple stable iso- 
tope analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 62:149-159. 
Sweeting, C. J., S. Jennings, and N. V. C. Polunin. 
2005. Variance in isotopic signatures as a descriptor of 
tissue turnover and degree of omnivory. Funct. Ecol. 
19:777-784. 
Thomas, J. W., and S. Huke. 
1996. The Forest Service approach to healthy ecosys- 
tems. J. Forest. 94( 8 ): 14— 18. 
Vetter, R. D. 
1982. Seasonal metabolic compensation in sympatric 
seatrout: adaptation to the estuary. Trans. Am. Fish. 
Soc. 111:193-198. 
