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Fishery Bulletin 111(2) 
files were exported into Sequencher, vers. 4.7 (Gene 
Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, MI). With the Sequencher pro- 
gram, ends were trimmed from the raw sequences until 
the first and last 10 bases contained fewer than 5 base 
calls with a confidence score (phred score) lower than 
30. After trimming, forward and reverse sequences for 
each specimen were assembled. Each assembled pair 
was examined and edited by hand, and each sequence 
was checked for stop codons. Finally, the consensus se- 
quence (655 bp) from each contig was aligned and ex- 
ported in a NEXUS file format with PAUP* software, 
vers. 4.0 beta 10 (sensu Swofford, 2003). 
MEGA software, vers. 5.05, (Tamura et ah, 2011) was 
used to generate a distance matrix of Kimura 2-param- 
eter distances (Kimura, 1980) of genetic sequence simi- 
larity, from which a neighbor-joining tree (Saitou and 
Nei, 1987) was constructed. The neighbor-joining tree is 
not intended to reflect phylogenetic relationships. The 
label for each entry on the tree is our DNA number, and 
we include that number in the material examined sec- 
tions and figure captions. Abbreviations used in DNA 
numbers reflect geographical location, expedition name, 
or institutions that provided COI sequences or speci- 
mens for genetic analysis: BAH=Bahamas; BLZ=Belize; 
CUR=Cura<jao; FCC=Florida Cape Canaveral (speci- 
mens were from east coast of Florida); FWRI=Florida 
Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (specimens were 
from deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico); FDA=Food and 
Drug Administration (specimens are from Alabama, 
collected by the FDA; specimens held at National 
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 
[USNM]); KU=Kansas University Fish Collection (spec- 
imens are from Belize); MOC -Miguel Oliver Caribbean 
(specimens are from deep water off Central America); 
SC=South Carolina; SMS=Smithsonian Marine Station 
at Ft. Pierce, Florida (specimens are from east coast of 
Florida); TCI=Turks and Caicos; TOB=Tobago. COI se- 
quences are deposited in GenBank (accession numbers 
in text). GenBank numbers for COI DNA sequences of 
type material, when sequences are available, are pro- 
vided in the appropriate species sections. Photos were 
taken with a Fujifilm (Fujifilm Corp., Tokyo) or Nikon 
(Nikon Corp, Tokyo) digital camera or a Zeiss digital 
camera in a Zeiss Discovery V20 dissecting microscope 
(Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Photo credits 
are given only for images taken by individuals other 
than the authors. 
Results 
To generate genetic distances, 79 COI sequences of 
Synodontidae from numerous western Atlantic lo- 
calities were used. From these genetic distances, a 
neighbor-joining tree was constructed. Intra- and in- 
terspecific divergences are tabulated in Table 1. To 
show the neighbor-joining tree on a single page, 23 se- 
quences were then eliminated (Fig. 1). Removal of the 
sequences had no effect on tree topology. Our data set 
includes all 10 previously recognized species of western 
Atlantic Synodontidae — 5 species of Synodus, 4 species 
of Saurida, and Trachinocephalus myops. Specimens 
originally identified as Synodus intermedins and S. 
foetens constitute 4 genetic lineages, 2 of which repre- 
sent S. intermedius (Agassiz, 1829) and S. foetens (Lin- 
naeus, 1766). One of the remaining lineages represents 
Synodus bondi Fowler, 1939, a species that Anderson 
et al. (1966) relegated to the synonymy of S. foetens. 
The fourth lineage represents a new species. Herein, 
we describe the new species, redescribe S. intermedius, 
S. foetens, and S. bondi, and designate neotypes for S. 
intermedius and S. foetens. Percentages in parentheses 
throughout their descriptions represent mean values 
for all specimens examined. 
Synodus macrostigmus Frable, Luther, and Baldwin, 
new species 
Proposed English common name: Largespot 
Lizardfish 
Figures 1, 2A, 3 (A and B), and 4, Tables 1-3 
Holotype 
UF 182810 (formerly, FSBC 020548), 189 mm standard 
length (SL), off Panama City, Florida, 29°16'59.95'N, 
85°53'12.94'W, 71-73 m, sta. 097, NMFS-Pascagoula 
Deepwater Pelagics Survey, 1 November 2007, Coll: M. 
M. Leiby. 
Holotype COI sequence 
GenBank sequence JX519377, UF 182810 (formerly 
FSBC 020548), DNA number FWRI 20548b. 
Paratypes 
UF 182811 (formerly, FSBC 020548), 1 specimen, 192 
mm SL (paratopotype), same locality data as for ho- 
lotype; UF 182812 (formerly FSBC 020596), 5 speci- 
mens, 145-185 mm SL, off St. Petersburg, Florida, 
28°8'44.41'N, 84°38'56.29'W, 75-77 m, sta. 123, NMFS- 
Pascagoula Deepwater Pelagics Survey, 5 November 
2007, Coll: M. M. Leiby; USNM 358546, 1 specimen, 
205 mm SL, Yellowtail Reef, Alabama, 29°33'28.08'N, 
87°27'42.12'W, 68 m, sta. USGS-AE-9701-080, USGS 
Pinnacle Project, 12 August 1997. 
Paratype COI sequences 
GenBank sequences JX519376 and JX519380, UF 
182811 and UF 182812, respectively, DNA numbers 
FWRI 20548a and 20596, respectively. 
Additional material (not DNA vouchers) 
Alabama: UF 29771, 5; Florida (Gulf of Mexico): UF 
29818, 1; UF 46974, 1; UF 121816, 1; UF 123421, 2; UF 
