Orr et al.: Systematics of North Pacific sand lances of the genu s Ammodytes and description of a new species 
133 
130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E 170°E 
170°W 160°W 150 o W 140°W 130°W 120°W 
71 °N- V 
^ 
W * 
V-^5" 
cO 
Chukchi Sea 
/ 
^\x\ ’ 
y S Sea of 
) P Okhotsk 
# A 
Russia 
~iA 
□/ 
Bering Sea 
1/ 
■% *** 
/ n ^ 
^ iy 
- Sea of > 
J apan^4- 
Ammodytes 
★ 
heian n. sp. 
▲ 
japonicus 
□ 
hexapterus 
• 
personatus 
ji 
0 250 500 1000 Km 
Alaska 
♦qk 
Gulf of Alaska 
130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E 170°E 
170°W 160°W 150°W 140°W 130°W 120°W 
Figure 1 
Distribution of species of Ammodytes of the North Pacific region based on material examined. Genetic material, 
listed in Table 1, was collected from 2000 to 2013. Morphological material is listed in Appendix 1. The gray line 
indicates the 200-m depth contour. 
the left side and supplemented with right-side counts 
when the left side was damaged. Counts of dorsal-fin 
rays were made according to the method of Nizinski et 
al. (1990) and began with the first visible ray and ex- 
cluded the 1 or 2 anterior rayless pterygiophores, and 
these counts included the last 2 rays that were each 
supported by a pterygiophore. Counts of anal-fin rays 
included all visible rays, the last 2 rays each support- 
ed by a pterygiophore. Anterior anal-fin pterygiophores 
were anterior to the first pterygiophore supported by 
the first haemal spine and did not include the anteri- 
ormost 1 or 2 rayless pterygiophores. Pectoral-fin ray 
counts did not include the rudimentary ventralmost 
ray. Pigmented pectoral-fin rays were the dorsalmost 
rays with evident melanophores and, because pigment 
appears consistently with development, counts of these 
rays are presented for specimens larger than 100 mm 
in standard length (SL) only. Gill rakers of the lower 
arch included the raker at the junction between up- 
per and lower parts of the arch. Dermal plicae included 
those anterior and posterior to the lateral-line pores. 
When these plicae were incomplete or not aligned in 
parallel rows, counts were supplemented from the right 
side. The first caudal vertebra was defined as the first 
centrum with a long haemal spine, and the centrum 
fused to the hypural plate was counted as the last 
vertebra. 
Unless indicated otherwise, SL was used throughout 
this study, always measured from the tip of the snout. 
Measurements were taken according to the methods 
of Hubbs and Lagler (1958), with these additions: the 
length of the prepectoral process (a flap-like axillary 
process at the dorsal base of the pectoral fin) was mea- 
sured from the dorsal base of the pectoral fin to the tip 
of the process, and prepectoral length was measured 
from the same point on the pectoral-fin base to the 
snout tip. Measurements and counts are presented in 
species descriptions as the range for all material exam- 
ined, followed by the value for the holotype, lectotype, 
or neotype in parentheses, when intraspecific variation 
is indicated. Statistical analyses were performed with 
Statgraphics Centurion XV, vers. 15.2 (StatPoint Tech- 
