NOTE Gelsleichter et a!.: Evaluation of oxytetracycline in Ginglymostoma cirratum 
627 
dence suggests that OTC may be hepatotoxic, affect- 
ing animal health over longer periods of time. Thus, 
additional studies on OTC toxicity may have impor- 
tant implications for long-term maintenance of 
marked elasmobranchs. 
Acknowledgments 
We thank the following people for their contributions 
to this study: John Tyminski for nurse shark main- 
tenance; Cathy Walsh for white blood cell analyses; 
staff at Sarasota Memorial Hospital for serologic 
analysis; Lisa Natanson and two anonymous review- 
ers for advice on this manuscript. This study was 
funded by a Grant-in- Aid of Research to JG by Sigma 
Xi, The Scientific Research Society. Additional fund- 
ing was provided by the Virginia Institute of Marine 
Science, Mote Marine Laboratory, and National Ma- 
rine Fisheries Service Grant NA37FM0284 to REH. 
Literature cited 
Beamish, R. J., and G. A. McFarlane. 
1983. The forgotten requirement for age validation in fish- 
eries biology. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112:735-743. 
1985. Annulus development on the second dorsal spine of the 
spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias ) and its validity for age 
determinations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42:1799-1805. 
Branstetter, S. 
1987. Age and growth validation of newborn sharks held 
in laboratory aquaria, with comments on the life history of 
the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terrae- 
novae. Copeia 1987:291-300. 
Brown, C. A., and S. H. Gruber. 
1988. Age assessment of the lemon shark, Negaprion bre- 
virostris, using tetracycline validated vertebral centra. 
Copeia 1988:747-753. 
Bumguardner, B. W., and T. L. King. 
1996. Toxicity of oxytetracycline and calcein to juvenile 
striped bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125:143-145. 
Cailliet, G. M. 
1990. Elasmobranch age determination and verification: an 
updated review. In H. L. Pratt Jr., S. H. Gruber, and T. 
Taniuchi (eds.), Elasmobranchs as living resources: ad- 
vances in the biology, ecology, systematics and the status 
of the fisheries, p. 157-165. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA 
Tech. Rep. NMFS 90. 
Forster, R. P., L. Goldstein, and J. K. Rosen. 
1972. Intrarenal control of urea reabsorption by renal tu- 
bules of the marine elasmobranch Squalus acanthias. 
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 42A:2-12. 
Gelsleichter, J., E. Cortes, C. A. Manire, R. E. Hueter, and 
J. A. Musick. 
1997. The use of calcein as a fluorescent marker for elas- 
mobranch vertebral cartilage. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 126: 
862-865 
Hennigar, G. R., and P. Gross. 
1977. Drug and chemical injury-environmental pathology. 
In W. A. D. Anderson and J. M. Kissane (eds.), Pathology, 
vol. I, p. 237-325. C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MI. 
Holden, M. J., and M. R. Vince. 
1973. Age validation studies on the centra of Raja clavata 
using tetracycline. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 35:13-17. 
Krajnovic-Ozretic, M., and B. Ozretic. 
1987. Estimation of the enzymes LDH, GOT and GPT in 
plasma of grey mullet Mugil auratus and their significance 
in liver intoxication. Dis. Aquat. Org. 3:187-193. 
Kusher, D. I., S. E. Smith, and G. M. Cailliet. 
1992. Validated age and growth of the leopard shark, Triakis 
semifaseiata , with comments on reproduction. Envir. Biol. 
Fish. 35:187-203. 
Lepper, M. H. 
1951. Effects of large doses of aureomycin on human 
liver. A. M. A. Archs. Intern. Med. 88:271-283. 
Marking, L. L., G. E. Howe, and J. R. Crowther. 
1988. Toxicity of erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and tetra- 
cycline administered to lake trout in water baths, by injec- 
tion, or by feeding. Prog. Fish Cult. 50:197-201. 
Monaghan, J. P., Jr. 
1993. Comparison of calcein and tetracycline as chemical 
markers in summer flounder. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 
122:298-301. 
Natanson, L. J. 
1993. Effect of temperature on band deposition in the little 
skat e. Raja erinacea. Copeia 1993:199-206. 
Natanson, L. J., and G. M. Cailliet. 
1990. Vertebral growth zone deposition in angel sharks. 
Copeia 1990:1133-1145. 
Racicot, J. G., M. Gaudet, and C. Leray. 
1975. Blood and liver enzymes in rainbow trout (Salmo 
gairdneri Rich.) with emphasis on their diagnostic use: 
study of CC1 4 toxicity and a case of Aeromonas infection. 
J. Fish Biol. 7:825-835. 
Sborov, V. M., and D. A. Sutherland. 
1951. Fatty liver following aureomycin and terramycin 
therapy in chronic hepatic disease. Gastroenterology 
18:598-605. 
Schmitt, P. D. 
1984. Marking growth increments in otoliths of larval and 
juvenile fish by immersion in tetracycline to examine the 
rate of increment formation. Fish. Bull. 82:237-242. 
Smith, S. E. 
1984. Timing of vertebral band deposition in tetracycline-in- 
jected leopard sharks. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113:308-313. 
Stoskopf, M. K. 
1993. Fish medicine. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. 
Tanaka, S. 
1990. Age and growth studies on the calcified structures of 
newborn sharks in laboratory aquaria using tetracycline. 
In H. L. Pratt Jr., S. H. Gruber, and T. Taniuchi (eds.), 
Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biol- 
ogy, ecology, systematics and the status of the fisheries. U.S. 
Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep., NMFS 90. 
Weinstein, L. 
1970. Antibiotics. III. The tetracyclines. In L. S. Goodman 
and A. Gilman (eds.), The pharmacological basis of thera- 
peutics, p. 1253-1268. MacMillian Co., New York, NY. 
Wilson, C. A., D. W. Beckman, and J. M. Dean. 
1987. Calcein as a fluorescent marker of otoliths of larval 
and juvenile fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 116:668-670. 
Zimmerman, H. J., Y. Kodera, and M. West. 
1965. Rate of increase in plasma levels of cytoplasmic and 
mitochondrial enzymes in experimental carbon tetrachlo- 
ride hepatotoxicity. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 66:315-323. 
