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Appendix 
List of characters 
1 Attachment of ocular-side frontal with meseth- 
moid. 2 states, 1 step, cci=1.00: frontal of ocular 
side not in contact with mesethmoid, separated 
by prefrontal (state 0), frontal of ocular side in 
contact with mesethmoid (state 1), (see Fig. 104, 
p. 184 in Amaoka, 1969). 
2 Sensory canal of ocular-side preorbital (Saka- 
moto, 1984a). 2 states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: present 
(state 0), absence (state 1). The presence or ab- 
sence of a sensory canal in the ocular-side pre- 
orbital in the outgroup taxa Psettodes sp. could 
not be determined (state ?). A sensory canal is 
common in left-eyed flounders, (see Fig. 105, p. 
187, in Amaoka, 1969). 
3 Morphology of metapterygoid. 2 states, 2 steps, 
cci=0.50: ventral margin concave (state 0, Fig. 
2 A), observed in Reinhardtius stomias and all 
outgroup taxa. Ventral margin not concave 
nearly straight (state 1, Fig. 2, B-D). 
4 Articulation between first and second basi- 
branchials. 2 states, 8 steps, cci=0.13: wedgelike 
articulation between first and second basi- 
branchial (state 0, Fig. 3A). No wedgelike ar- 
ticulation, first basibranchial loosely attached 
to second basibranchial by cartilage (state 1, Fig. 
3, B-B). 
5 Articulation suture between second and third 
basibranchials. 2 states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: 
wedgelike articulation between second and third 
basibranchial (state 0, Fig. 3A). No wedgelike 
articulation, second basibranchial loosely at- 
tached to third basibranchial by cartilage (state 
1, Fig. 3, B-D). 
6 Haemapophysis through fusion of parapophysis 
of posterior most abdominal vertebrae (Saka- 
moto, 1984a). 2 states, 4 steps, cci=0.25: present 
(state 0, Fig. 4, A, B, and B), absent (state 1, 
Fig. 40. 
7 Accessory processes on ventral side of centrum. 
2 states, 5 steps, cci=0.20: present (state 0, Fig. 
5A), absent (state 1, Fig. 5, B and C). 
8 Infraorbitals on ocular side (Sakamoto, 1984a). 
2 states, 2 steps, cci=0.50: absent (state 0), 
present (state 1). All pleuronectid taxa (except 
Microstomus bathybius) have infraorbital bones 
on the ocular side. This character state is shared 
with Psettodes and Paralichthys lethostigmus. 
The sensory canal bones are absent in other 
outgroup taxa examined (Lepidoblepharon 
ophthalmolepis, Citharichthys arenaceus, and 
Paralichthys squamilentus), and most taxa 
within the bothoid lineage, (see Table 6, p. 193 
in Amaoka, 1969). 
9 Oil globules in yolk ( Hensley and Ahlstrom, 
1984). 2 states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: present (state 
0), absent (state 1). All outgroup taxa have at 
least one oil globule (Hensley and Ahlstrom, 
1984). 
