Cooper and Chapleau: Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae 
723 
base of epibranchial (state 1, Fig. 3D). Absence 
(state 2, Fig. 30. 
32 Gill rakers on first hypobranchial. 2 states, 4 
steps, cci=0.25: present (state 0, Fig. 3, A-D). 
Reduced to just one gill raker at distal base of 
hypobranchial (state 1). 
33 Subdivisions of hypurals or hypurals and 
parhypurals (Sakamoto, 1984a). 2 states, 1 step, 
cci=1.00: absent (state 0), present (state 1). Char- 
acter states for the caudal skeleton is not appli- 
cable (na) for the outgroup taxa Psettodes sp. and 
Lepidoblepharon ophthalmolepis owing to the 
morphological differences in this region with re- 
spect to the ingroup taxa. 
34 Articulation of blind-side metapterygiod with 
entopterygoid. 2 states, 7 steps, cci=0.14: absent 
(state 0, Fig. 2, A and B), present (state 1, Fig. 
2, C and D). The metapterygoid is articulated to 
the pterygoid in outgroup taxa (Fig. 2A). 
35 Morphology of mesethmoid and prefrontal on 
blind side, special type for Verasper. 2 states, 1 
step, cci=1.00: large open foramen absent (state 
0) . Large open formamen formed between 
mesethmoid and prefrontal on blind side (state 
1) , autapomorphy for Verasper. The character 
state for the mesethmoid and prefrontal is not 
applicable (na) for the outgroup taxa Psettodes 
sp. and Lepidoblepharon ophthalmolepis owing 
to the morphological differences in this region 
with respect to the ingroup taxa. 
36 Gill rakers on second hypobranchial. 2 states, 4 
steps, cci=0.25: present (state 0, Fig. 3, A and 
C). Reduced to just one gill raker at distal base 
of hypobranchial (state 1, Fig. 3, B and D). 
37 Sphenotic process in relation to hyomandibular 
socket. 2 states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: process posi- 
tion low on sphenotic to form dorsal roof of socket 
between sphenotic and prootic (state 0, Fig. 7A). 
Process is positioned higher on sphenotic and 
more anteriorly so as not to be associated with 
socket (state 1, Fig. 7, B and C). 
38 Supraoccipital crest. 2 states, 7 steps, cci=0.14: 
single crest (state 0, Fig. 10, A and B). Double 
crest to form a groove for the insertion of the 
basal ends of pterygiophores for the dorsal fin 
(state 1, Fig. 10, C-E). 
39 Cardiac apophysis of urohyal (Sakamoto, 
1984a). 3 states, unordered, 8 steps, cci=0.25: 
cardiac apophysis is simple or slightly bifurcate 
at the posterior portion (state 0, Fig. 12, A and 
B) Cardiac apophysis is simple at tip with bifur- 
cation positioned anteriorly on dorsal edge (state 
1, Fig. 12, E and F). Cardiac apophysis is 
strongly bifurcate at the posterior portion (state 
2, Fig. 12, C and D). 
40 Gill rakers on fourth epibranchial. 2 states, 3 
steps, cci=0.33: absent (state 0, Fig. 3, A-D), 
present (state 1). 
41 Rows of teeth in lower jaw (Norman, 1934). 2 
states, 6 steps, cci=0.17: multiserial or biserial 
rows of teeth (state 0). Uniserial row of teeth 
(state 1). The distribution from published ac- 
counts of this character was reexamined in the 
specimens used for this analysis. The state that 
was observed in these specimens was used if the 
number of rows was in conflict with the pub- 
lished accounts in Norman (1934). 
42 Barbed teeth (Norman, 1934). 2 states, 2 steps, 
cci=0.50: absent (state 0), present (state 1). 
43 Supratemporals on ocular side. 2 states, 7 steps, 
cci=0.1: supratemporal in one piece (state 0, Fig. 
13A). Supratemporal in two pieces, jointed at 
anterior bifurcation point (state 1, Fig. 13B). 
44 Supratemporals on blind side. 2 states, 5 steps, 
cci=0.20: Supratemporal in one piece (state 0, 
Fig. 13A). Supratemporal in two pieces, jointed 
at anterior bifurcation point (state 1, Fig. 13B). 
45 Scales on the surface eyes (Sakamoto, 1984a). 2 
states, 6 steps, cci=0.17: absent (state 0), present 
(state 1). 
46 Posterior region of supraoccipital. 2 states, 2 
steps, cci=0.50: presence of a flat plate triangular 
or diamond shaped extending posteriorly from su- 
praoccipital between or overtop epiotics (state 0, 
Fig. 10, A, and C-E). Absence of posterior exten- 
sion of supraoccipital (state 1, Fig. 10B). 
47 Anterior prootic foramen on blind side. 2 states, 
8 steps, cci=0.13: sphenotic forms dorsal mar- 
gin of foramen (state 0, 7A). Pterosphenoid and 
prootic join to form dorsal margin of foramen 
(state 1, Fig. 7, B and C). The anterior prootic 
foramen entirely contained within prootic in 
outgroup taxa. 
48 Pterosphenoid on blind side. 2 states, 3 steps, 
cci=0.33: pterosphenoid reduced, frontal and 
parasphenoid join to form posterior margin of 
orbit (state 0, Fig. 7B). Pterosphenoid large form- 
ing posterior margin of orbit (state 1, Fig. 7, A 
and C). 
49 Rows of teeth on fifth ceratobranchial . 3 states, 
ordered 4 steps, cci=0.75: irregular single or 
multiple rows (state 0, Fig. 3A). Regular 2 rows 
(state 1, Fig. 3, B and C). Regular multiple rows 
or clustered (state 2, Fig. 3D). 
50 Nasal bone on blind side. 2 states, 7 steps, 
cci=0.14: present (state 0), absent (state 1). The 
presence of a blind-side nasal bone could not be 
determined (state ?) for the outgroup taxa 
Citharichthys arenaceus either through cleared 
and stained material or through radiograph. 
