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Fishery Bulletin 96(4), 1 998 
51 Number of infraorbital bones on blind side 
(Sakamoto, 1984a). 3 states, unordered 9 steps, 
cci=0.22: from five to seven (state 0). Greater 
than seven (state 1). Less than five (state 2). The 
number of infraorbital bones in Citharichthys 
arenaceus could not be determined (state ?) ow- 
ing to the poor preservation of infraorbital bones 
for this specimen. 
52 Dorsal crest extending anteriorly from supraoc- 
cipital to blind-side frontal. 2 states, 7 steps, 
cci=0.14: prominent narrow crest present, angled 
laterally to ocular side (state 0, Fig. 10, B and 
C). Reduced of absent crest resulting in a flat- 
tened posterior dorsal region on blind-side fron- 
tal (state 1, Fig. 10, A, D, and E). 
53 Anterior margin of me sethmoid. 3 states, unor- 
dered, 10 steps, cci=0.30: open canal extending 
from frontal on ocular side (state 0, Fig. 8A). 
Thin plate (state 1, Fig. 8B). Closed canal ex- 
tending from frontal on ocular side or from in- 
terorbital process if present. Process extending 
anteriorly with a triangular shape to make an- 
terior edge thicker (state 2, Fig. 8C). Similar to 
state 2 but anterior edge reduced to form an ir- 
regular edge (state 3, Fig. 8D). The morphology 
of the mesethmoid in the outgroup taxa, 
Psettodes sp. and Lepidoblepharon ophthal- 
molepis is unlike any observed in the other 
outgroup taxa or within the ingroup and is coded 
as not applicable (na). 
54 Articulation of metapterygoid with ocular-side 
entopterygoid. 2 states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: absent 
(state 0, Fig. 2, A-C), present (state 1, Fig. 2D). 
The metapterygoid is articulated to the ptery- 
goid in outgroup taxa (Fig. 2A). 
55 Dentary fossa for the insertion of Meckel’s carti- 
lage on both ocular- and blind-side dentaries. 2 
states, 1 steps, cci=1.00. Present (state 0, Fig. 9, 
A and B), absent (state 1, Fig. 9, C and D). 
56 Ceratohyal foramen (Sakomoto, 1984a). 2 states, 
1 step, cci=1.00: present (state 0), absent (state 1). 
57 Intercalar in contact with basioccipital. 2 states, 
4 steps, cci=0.25: intercalar not joined to ba- 
sioccipital (state 0, Fig. 7, A and B). Intercalar 
and basioccipital in contact (state 1, Fig. 7C). 
58 Posterior extension of supratemporal branch of 
lateral line ( Norman , 1934). 2 states, 4 steps, 
cci=0.25: absent (state 0), present (state 1). 
59 Prolongation of anterior dorsal-fin rays (Nor- 
man, 1934; Sakamoto, 1984a). 2 states, 1 step, 
cci=1.00: absent (state 0), present (state 1). 
60 Rows of teeth in upper jaw ( Norman , 1934). 2 
states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: multiserial or biserial 
rows of teeth (state 0). Uniserial row of teeth 
(state 1). Character state based on direct obser- 
vation of materials mantained priority in obser- 
vations conflicting with Norman (1934). 
61 Asymmetry in medial symphysis of premaxillae. 
2 states, 1 step, cci=1.00: blind-side premaxilla 
does not protrude past sagittal axis at anterior 
symphysis with ocular-side premaxilla (state 0, 
Fig. 9, A and B). Blind-side premaxilla overlaps 
or protrudes past sagittal axis (state 1, Fig. 9, C 
and D). 
62 Asymmetry in length of premaxillae. 2 states, 2 
steps, cci=0.50: ocular-side nearly equal or equal 
to length of blind-side premaxilla (state 0, Fig. 
9, A and B). Ocular-side premaxilla shorter than 
blind-side premaxilla (state 1, Fig. 9, C and D). 
63 Ventral posterior curvature of blind-side premax- 
illa. 2 states, 2 steps, cci=0.50: absent (state 0, 
Fig. 9, A and B), present (state 1, Fig. 9, C and 
D). 
64 Asymmetry of size of space along ventral margin 
of dentary and articular. 2 states, 5 steps, 
cci=0.20: space nearly the same size (state 0, Fig. 
9, A, B, and D). Asymmetrical space, blind side 
greater than ocular side (state 1, Fig. 90. 
65 Asymmetry in size of dorsal posterior process of 
dentary. 2 states, 5 steps, cci=0.20: symmetrical 
(state 0, Fig. 9, B and D). Asymmetrical, ocular 
side greater than blind side (state 1, Fig. 9, A 
and C). 
66 Reduction of teeth on ocular-side maxilla 
(Norman, 1934). 3 states, ordered, 5 steps, 
cci=0.40: number of teeth on ocular side nearly 
equal or equal to those on blind side (state 0, 
Fig. 9, A and B). Ocular-side teeth fewer than 
blind- side teeth but greater than 6 (state 1, Fig. 
90. Ocular-side teeth fewer than blind-side 
teeth, less than 6 (state 2, Fig. 9D). 
67 Reduction of teeth on ocular-side dentary 
(Norman, 1934). 3 states, ordered 6 steps, 
cci=0.33: number of teeth on ocular side nearly 
equal or equal to those on blind side (state 0, 
Fig. 9, A and B). Ocular-side teeth fewer than 
blind-side teeth but greater than 6 (state 1, Fig. 
90. Ocular-side teeth fewer than blind-side 
teeth , less than 6 (state 2, Fig. 9D). 
68 Epiotic process on ocular and blind sides. 2 
states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: process absent in Mi- 
crostomus pad ficus or barely evident in 
Hippoglossoides and Reinhardtius (state 0, Fig. 
10, A-C). Process is clearly evident extending an- 
teriorly from epiotics onto parietals in Limanda 
and Platichthys (state 1, Fig. 10, D and E). 
69 Asymmetry in size of entopterygoid. 2 states, 3 
steps, cci=0.3: blind side equal in size to ocular 
side (state 0, Fig. 2, A and B). Blind side smaller 
than ocular side (state 1, Fig. 2, C and D). 
